EPI Flashcards
is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why.
epidemiology
is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
epidemiology
is the relationship between a disease and its cause.
disease causation
is a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal or plant especially one that has a known cause and a distinctive group of symptoms, signs, or anatomical changes.
disease
three esential components
host, agent, environment
microbe that causes the disease
agent
organism harboring the disease
host
those external factors that causes or allow disease transmission
environment
exists when there are more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area, or among a specific group of people, over a particular period of time, the disease doesn’t necessarily to be contagious like; West Nile Fever and the rapid increase in obesity rates
epidemics
when a population has a high level of disease all the time or when it is consistently present but limited to a particular region. This makes the disease spread and rates predictable.
endemic
when a disease’s growth is exponential. This means the growth rate skyrockets, and each day cases grow more that the day prior. In being declared a pandemic, the virus has nothing to do with virology, population immunity, or disease severity. It means a virus covers a wide area, affecting several countries and populations.
pandemic
for example,
whooping cough occurs in spring, whereas measles tends to appear in a winter season.
weather conditions
for example Minamata is a disease contracted after exposure to mercury.
exposure to chemicals or radioactive materials
such as storms, earthquakes and droughts can lead to high disease transmission.
social aftermath of disasters
such as water supply, food, air, quality and sanitation facilities can catalyze the spread of infectious disease.
number of environmental factors
three major links in disease occurence
the etiologic agent,
the method of transmission ( by contact, by a common vehicle, or via air or via vector),
and the host.
caused by harmful organisms that get into your body from the outside like viruses and bacteria.
infectious diseases
aren’t caused by harmful organisms but by genetics, anatomical differences, getting older and the environment you live in.
non infectious diseases
aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behavior that can lead to disease or injury and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur.
primary
to ban or control the use of hazardous products: (e.g., asbestos) or to mandate safe and healthy practices (e.g., use of seatbelts and bike, helment), education about healthy and safe habits (e.g., eating well, exercising regularly and not smoking) immunization against infectious disease.
legislation and enforcement
aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred. This is done by detecting and treating disease and injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjury and recurrence and implementing programs to return people to their original health and function to prevent long term problems.
secondary
aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects. This is done by helping people manage long-term, often complex health problem and injuries (e.g., chronic disease, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible their ability to functions, their quality of life and their life expectancy.
tertiary
Epidemology is the study of the accurence, and distribution of
measurement of mobidity, mortality, and fertili
refers to the systematic study of vital events
vital statistics
is an information about the vital events
vital statistics data
statistic of disease
morbidity
statistic of death
mortality
Indices of the health and illness status of a community, and serves as basis for planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating community health nursing programs and service.
uses of statistics
shows the relationship between a vital and those persons exposed to the occurrence of the said events. The number of persons experiencing the event (numerator) must come from the total population exposed to the risk of same event (denominator).
rate
use to describe the relationship between 2 numerical quantities or measure of event or place.
ratio
expresses the relationship between two ratios that are equal.
proportions
describes the population characteristics. Example: Population size and how it changes over time. Its composition by age, sex, income, and occupation.
demographic data
is defined as the number of deaths in a calendar year divided by the population on July 1 in that year.
annual crude death rate
is defined as the number of deaths in a specific age group in a calendar year divided by the population of the same age group on July 1 of that year, with the quotient multiplied by 1000.
age specific death rate
is one of many possible examples of how the idea of specific death rates maybe extended simultaneously to cover two characteristics.
cause-race-specific death rate
Is defined as the number of deaths assigned to specific cause in a calendar year divided by the total number of deaths in that year, with the quotient multiplied by 100.
proportional mortality ratio
Is defined as the number of deaths assigned to puerperal causes (related to childbearing) in a calendar year divided by the number of live births in that year with the quotient multiplied by 100,000.
maternal mortality ratio
Defined as the number of deaths of persons of ages 0-1 in a calendar year divided by the number of live births in that year, with the quotient multiplied by 1,000.
infant mortality rate
Defined as delivery of the fetus that shows no evident of life. It is defined as the number of fatal death in a calendar year divided by the number of live birth in that calendar year, with the quotient multiplied by 1000.
fatal death ratio
defined as the number of fetal plus neonatal deaths divided by the number of live birth plus fetal death, with the quotient multiply by 1000.
perinatal mortality proportion
Considered indispensable when approaching population control problems.
measures of fertility
defined as the number of live births in a calendar year divided by the population on July 1 of that year, with quotient multiplied by 1000.
crude birth rate
Defined as the number of live births in calendar year divided by the number of women ages 15-44 years old at midyear with the quotient multiplied by 1000.
general fertility rate
Less precisely recorded than mortality. Such data are difficult to analyzed but they are nonetheless useful in program planning and evaluation.
measures of mobidity
defined as the number of newly reported cases of a given disease in a calendar year, divided by the population on July 1 of that year with the quotient multiplied by convenient factor usually 100,000.
incident rate
defined as the number of existing cases of a given disease at given time divided by the population at that time with the quotient multiplied by 100, 000.
prevalence proportions
Defined as the number of deaths assigned to given cause in a certain period divided by the number of cases of the diseases reported during the same period with a quotient multiplied by 100.
case fatality proportion
is the original data collected for a specific purpose by or for an investigator.
primary data
is data collected for another purpose by other individuals or organizations.
secondary data
Methods of collecting data includes:
Questionnaire, Observations, Interviews, Experiments, Test
