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PHPM RC Prep 2024 > EPH > Flashcards

EPH Flashcards

1
Q

List 3 categories of food hazards and given an example of each

A

List 3 categories of food hazards and given an example of each
Chemical:
Lead
Arsenic
Mercury
Aflatoxin
Dioxin
Cyanide (cassava)
Allergens (peanut)
Acid (kombucha)
Pesticides
Sanitizer residue

Biological (95%):
Bacteria - C. jejuni, E. coli O157:H7, S. flexneri, S. sonnei, L. monocytogenes
Biotoxins - Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin, botulinum toxin,
Viruses - norovirus, hepatitis A
Fungi - aspergillus
Parasites - giardia

Physical:
Glass
Metal
Plastic
Wood
Animal bones, feathers, shells

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2
Q

List and describe 3 federal acts related to food safety

A

Food and Drugs Act - establishes standards for food labeling for foods that are imported or transported between provinces,packaging, composition, advertising, additives, and pesticides
Safe Food for Canadians Act - streamlines existing food legislation (Fish Inspection Act, Meat Inspection Act, Canadian Agricultural Products Act) to safeguard against food tampering, strengthens regulations for imported foods, improves food traceability, prohibits the sale of recalled food,
Canadian Food Inspection Agency Act - established the CFIA, and provides powers to recall food

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3
Q

List and describe 3 surveillance systems for monitoring food borne illness in Canada.

A

List and describe 3 surveillance systems for monitoring food borne illness in Canada.

FoodNet - monitors foodborne illness and pathogens from 4 sentinel sites, collecting data from human, retail food, farm, and water sources

PulseNet - monitors and connects genetic data on organisms that cause foodborne illness across Canada, via NML

NESP - National Enteric Surveillance Program. Weekly reporting for detection of emerging and priority enteric disease trends. Integrates national and international data on lab-confirmed foodborne illness

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4
Q

List 5 principles that should be included in a food safety plan

A

List 5 principles that should be included in a food safety plan

HACCP:
Hazard analysis
Identifying critical control points
Establishing critical limits for each critical control point
Establishing monitoring procedures for critical control points
Establishing corrective actions
Record keeping
Establishing verification procedures

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5
Q

List and describe the roles of 4 stakeholders involved in an inter-provincial food-borne illness outbreak investigation

A

List and describe the roles of 4 stakeholders involved in an inter-provincial food-borne illness outbreak investigation
CFIA – inspection of food, livestock, feed, plants, seeds; food safety investigations (tracing), recalls
Health Canada – health risk assessments to the CFIA and P/T, public communication
PHAC – coordinates the outbreak response
NML – reference services for strain identification and characterization, surveillance, disseminate information via PulseNet Canada and the National Enteric Surveillance Program (NSEP)
CNPHI – facilitate communication, early notification for potential outbreaks
P/T governments and associated agencies – food safety investigations, foodborne illness investigations
FNIHB – food safety investigations, foodborne illness investigations on reserve

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6
Q

Define “cluster”

A

higher than expected incidence of a disease for a defined group of people, in an area for a given time period

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7
Q

Steps in a cluster investigation (4)

A

Initial contact
Assessment - significantly more cancer than expected? Standardized incidence ratio (observed/expected)
Feasibility study - hypothesis, likelihood,
Etiologic investigation - draw epidemiologic association between the hazard and cancer incidence

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8
Q

List 5 limitations and challenges of cancer cluster investigations

A

Small samples
Forced case definitions
Unclear geographic boundary
Migration
Long latency period
Poor exposure data- Poorly characterized, heterogeneous, low in concentration
Recall bias

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9
Q

List 3 functions of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act

A
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10
Q

Describe the difference between bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and biotransformation

A

Bioaccumulation: the progressive increase in amount of a chemical in an organ or organism as the rate of uptake exceeds the rate of excretion

Biomagnification: the sequence of processes in an ecosystem by which higher concentrations of a chemical are attained in organisms at higher levels of the food chain

Biotransformation: intermediary metabolism; biochemical changes that occur when a chemical reaches human cells to decrease (detox) or increase (activation) toxicity

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11
Q

What is the difference between the reference dose and tolerable daily intake (TDI) for a substance?

A

Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI): the estimate of total daily exposure that is unlikely to result in adverse health effect in a lifetime to a human population, usually expressed as mg/kg/day

Reference dose (RfD): estimate of total daily exposure that is likely to be without appreciable risk over a defined period of time, usually a lifetime. This term has replaced TDI and ADI (acceptable daily intake)

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12
Q

Define the precautionary principle

A
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13
Q

A small rural community has raised concerns that a nearby smelter is releasing large amounts of heavy metals into the air.
List and describe 4 steps of a risk assessment.

A
  1. Hazard identification: identify the agent, health effects, population impacted, and identify possible data sources
  2. Dose response - determine the LOEL and risk threshold (zero, de minimis, de manifestos, ALARA etc.)
  3. Exposure assessment - estimate exposures along the source to human pathway (soil/water/air, location, population, route of exposure (dermal, ingestion, inhalation), magnitude, duration)
  4. Risk characterisation - summary of the risk (quantitative or qualitative), make sure to acknowledge assumptions
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Provide 6 examples of mitigation measures against an environmental hazard using the agent-path-receptor framework

A
  1. Remove the hazard
  2. Remediation
  3. Containment
  4. Block transmission
  5. Relocate people
  6. Change the land use
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16
Q

List 5 IARC group 1 heavy metals and the cancers they cause

A
  1. Arsenic - lung, skin
  2. Cadmium - lung
  3. Aluminum - bladder
  4. Iodine - thyroid
  5. Nickle - nasal cavity
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17
Q

List 5 outrage factors and 5 safe factors to consider when communicating risk

A

General principles: be first, be credible, be right.
Outrage factors: MUSIC
- morally relevant, memorable
- unfair
- scary or dreaded
- industrial hazard (vs. natural)
- catastrophic (vs. chronic)

Safe factors: VICTOR
- voluntary
- control
- trusted source
- old threat vs new
- responsive

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18
Q

Where do heavy metals come from and why are they an issue of public health importance?

A

Typically released from natural sources (the Earth’s crust) or industrial sources (mining, smelting0
Issue of public health importance because they can be toxic at low doses and tend to persist for long periods without degrading

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19
Q

What is the MAC and blood limit for for lead?

A

MAC 0.005mg/L
BLL 10 micrograms/dL

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20
Q

What is the MAC and blood limit for mercury?

A

MAC 1 microgram/L
Blood mercury limit 5.8 microgram/L

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21
Q

What is the recommended limit for fish consumption to avoid mercury toxicity?

A

150g/week for the general population
150g/ month for pregnant people
125g/month for children 5-11
<75g/month for children 1-4

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22
Q

List 2 acute and 2 chronic health effects from lead

A

Acute: nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, drowsiness, encephalopathy, death

Chronic: developmental delay, motor deficits, anemia, hypertension, miscarriage

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23
Q

List 2 acute and 2 chronic health effects from mercury

A

Acute: parenthesis, dysarthria, weakness, minimata disease, AKI
Chronic: acrodynia, Mad Hatter disease, developmental delay

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24
Q

List 2 acute and 2 chronic health effects from arsenic

A

Acute: cardiotixicity, encephalopathy, cramping, nausea/vomiting/diarrhea

Chronic: neurotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, bone marrow suppression, diabetes mellitus, bladder cancer, lung cancer, SCC

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25
Q

List 2 acute and 2 chronic health effects of cadmium

A

Acute: headache, weakness, pneumonitis, Itai-Itai disease
Chronic: COPD, nephrotoxicity, lung cancer

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26
Q

What are endocrine disruptors and why are they of public health importance?

A

Endocrine disruptors are a group of synthetic chemicals that impact the synthesis, transportation, binding, or metabolism of endogenous human hormones.

They are of public health importance because they can lead to growth failure/short stature, developmental disabilities, impaired sexual development, infertility, increase susceptibility to cancer, and disruptions in the immune and nervous systems

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27
Q

List 2 routes through which people could be exposed to BPA and 2 risk mitigation measures.

A

Routes: ingestion, inhalation (usually from polycarbonate plastics in food containers)

Mitigation measures: ban products with BPA, check the components in food containers, microwave food in glass only

Additional info:
BPA is categorised as an endocrine disruptor and can lead to fertility with a possible role in obesity and metabolic disease

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28
Q

List 2 routes through which people could be exposed to phthalates and 2 risk mitigation measures

A

Routes: Ingestion (water), inhalation

Mitigation measures: choose phthalate-free personal care products, wear a mask if working with construction materials that could contain phthalates

Additional info:
Phthalates are a group of endocrine disruptors that are found in plastics such as PVC and construction materials as well as personal care products like perfume, hair gel, and lotion. Most phthalates have no known health effects but DEHP is IARC 2B for HCC and adenomas. There is a possible link between phthalates and disruptions in the reproductive system

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29
Q

What are volatile organic compounds and why are they a threat to health?

A

VOC’s are chemicals that easily evaporate (volatile); precursors to ground level ozone, from natural and anthropogenic sources such as forest fires, animals, cigarettes, crude oil, coal, industrial solvents, and dry cleaning products.

Health effects include drowsiness/ altered level of consciousness, anemia, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, skin irritation, leukemia, and renal cancer

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30
Q

List 2 sources of benzene, the usual route of exposure, and 2 examples of risk mitigation measures.

A

Sources: crude oil seepage, incomplete combustion of organic materials, coal, industrial solvents, gasoline evaporation, industrial intermediates (plastics, acetone, rubber, detergents, dyes)

Route of exposure: inhalation

Mitigation: Avoid indoor gas heating, don’t store benzene-containing products inside the home, no smoking inside

Note: IARC Group 1 for AML

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31
Q

List 2 sources of trichloroethylene, the usual route of exposure, and 2 examples of risk mitigation measures.

A

Sources: Pain remover, grease remover, dry cleaning products

Exposure: inhalation, ingestion in water or food

Mitigation: Regulation of the use and disposal of trichloroethylene-containing products, stop manufacturing trichloroethylene-containing products in Canada

Note: IARC Group 1 for renal cancer

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32
Q

What are Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP’s) and what are their health impacts?

A

POP’s are synthetic substances from industrial production that last int he same environment for a long time. They can biomagnify in the food chain. Health effects include disruptions in the immune system, nervous system, and endocrine system.

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33
Q

List 2 health effects of polychlorinated biphenyls, 2 common sources, and 2 mitigation measures

A

Health effects: skin discolouration, hepatotoxicity, disruption in immune system, endocrine, and nervous systems

Sources: electrical capacitors/transformers, flame retardant, adhesives, lubricants, plasticisers.

Mitigation: Regulation to restrict the use in Canada (the Stockholm Convention global treaty to decrease or eliminate use), avoid burning treated/painted wood

Note: route of exposure is usually ingestion through contaminated water or food. Accumulates in fatty tissues in animals e.g. fish

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34
Q

List 2 sources of dioxins or furans, and 2 mitigation measures

A

Sources: iron and steel production, wood burning, burning solid and liquid fuels, smoking

Mitigation: Avoid burning garbage, avoid burning treated wood or plastic, trim the fat before eating meat or fish

Note: route of exposure is usually ingestion from milk, meat, or fish living in contaminated environments, inhalation from cigarettes are another route/source.
TCDD is IARC Group1 for all sites combined

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35
Q

Define radiation and ionising radiation

A

Radiation: Energy that travels at the speed of light
Ionising radiation: energy that can remove an electron from an atom. For example, gamma rays, X-rays, and high energy UV rays

36
Q

Define “noise”.
What is the Canadian and WHO recommendation for sound limit at night?
List 3 mitigation strategies for noise

A

AKA acoustical radiation; unwanted sound produced from vibrating air/water/solids

Canadian and WHO recommendation is 40dB night noise limit

Mitigation: bylaws for quiet hours, setback distances between highways and homes, sound barriers, traffic management, ear plugs

37
Q

What are sources of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF)?

Why is RF-EMF an issue of public health importance?

List 2 mitigation measures against RF-EMF

A

Sources: radio, TV, microwaves, cell phones, traffic radar
Health effects: mild localised heating of body tissue, EMF hypersensitivity
Mitigation: decrease cell phone use, exposure limits for controlled and uncontrolled exposures in Health Canada Safety Code 6

38
Q

Define “pest”

A

Plants, animals, or microorganisms that threaten human health

39
Q

List and describe 5 elements of integrated pest management

A

Steps of integrated pest management (IMPACtEd)
1. Identification of the pest, damage
2. Monitoring - pest numbers, damages, environmental conditions
3. Prevention - plan and manage any environmental contributing factors (i.e. eliminate standing water)
4. Action Threshold - the threshold can be based on cost, damage, beneficial organisms and the environment
5. Control - methods to reduce pests to acceptable levels
6. Evaluation - evaluate the effects and effectiveness of the control measures

40
Q

List 4 types of pesticides

A

Atrazine
Carbamates
Pyrethroid
Neonicotinoid
Organophosphates

41
Q

List 4 methods of pest control and give an example of each

A

Physical - barriers, screens
Chemical - pesticides (crop dusting, soil injection) and insect repellants (DEET)
Mechanical - infrared
Biological - predatory or parasitic insects
Crops - crop rotation, pruning, pest resistant variants

42
Q

List the components of the multibarrier approach to safe drinking water

A

Legislative and policy frameworks; public involvement and awareness; Research, science and technology; Guidelines, standards and objectives

Monitoring and Management

Source protection; Distribution system protection; Treatment

Result: clean, safe and reliable water system

43
Q

List 3 federal acts related to water protection

A
  1. Canada Water Act -
  2. Fisheries Act -
  3. Canadian Environmental Protection Act
44
Q

Describe the role of Federal, Provincial/Territorial, and Municipal partners in protecting drinking water quality

A
  1. Federal - set national guidance (Canadian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines which list physical, chemical, biological, and radiological parameters for drinking water)
  2. Provincial/Territorial - oversee drinking water quality, compliance monitoring, and performance monitoring for drinking water systems
  3. Municipalities: deliver drinking water, sometimes via 3rd party contracted operators. Provide the infrastructure and funding.
45
Q

Monitoring drinking water quality is important to ensure ongoing compliance. List 6 steps that should occur if a quality parameter is not met.

A
  1. verify the data is accurate
  2. notify appropriate authorities (ministry of health, ministry of environment)
  3. re-sample
  4. gather more info - are other quality parameters met? Bacti, turbidity, chlorine residuals, chemical
  5. take corrective action - flush lines, increase disinfection, identify a cause
  6. notify the public
46
Q

List 3 aspects of management of drinking water systems that should be in place to ensure safe water

A
  1. commitment and cooperation from relevant governmental ministries (health, environment, ag, municipal waste management)
  2. ensure operators are certified and have SOPs
  3. Plans to deal with potential sources of contamination
47
Q

List 3 threats to source water contamination and 3 mechanisms for protection

A

Threats
1. Natural - wildlife, rainfall, slope, soil drainage, local hydrogeology
2. Anthropogenic - livestock, pesticides, mining, urban development, wastewater discharge, recreation
3. Eutrophication - influx of nutrients causing increases in algae

Mechanisms for protection
1. general- restrict development near source water
2. general- prohibit recreational use
3. agriculture - regulate waste management for nearby farms
4. forestry - control erosion
5. engineering - divert storm water

48
Q

List 3 potential vulnerabilities in a water distribution system and 3 mechanisms to prevent contamination

A

Vulnerabilities
1. Water main break
2. Pipe corrosion
3. Broken service connection
4. Maintenance or cleaning

Mechanisms for preventing contamination
1. Design the layout of the system so that pressure can be maintained
2. Maintain the system to prevent pipe corrosion
3. Backflow prevention devices (valves?)
4. Physical separation of the drinking water system from sewage system

49
Q

List the 7 steps of drinking water treatment

A
  1. Screen - remove debris
  2. Pre-chlorination - arrest bacterial growth
  3. Coagulation - rapidly mix chemicals to bind large particles together
  4. Flocculation - gentle mixing to increase the particle size
  5. Sedimentation - suspended particles settle out
  6. Filtration - filter out solids, protozoa, cysts
  7. Disinfection - inactivation of pathogens
    - primary disinfection kills/inactivates organisms
    - secondary disinfection provides longer lasting treatment as water moves throughout distribution system
50
Q

List 3 types of disinfection for drinking water and 1 benefit and 1 drawback for each

A
  1. Chlorination
    - pro: cheap, no secondary disinfection required
    - con: harmful byproducts
  2. Ozone
    - pro: high capacity, removes taste and odour
    - con: expensive, requires secondary disinfection
  3. UV Radiation
    - pro: simple/easy to maintain, no chemicals
    - con: requires pre-treatment filtration and secondary disinfection
51
Q

List 3 common disinfection byproducts, their source and 1 health effect for each.

A
  1. Choramine
    - Source: monochloramine secondary disinfection (reaction between chlorine and ammonia)
    - Health effects: N/A
  2. Trihalomethanes
    - Source: chlorination
    - Health effects: Liver toxicity
  3. Haloacetic acids
    - Source: Chlorination
    - Health effects: Liver cancer
  4. Bromate
    - Source: Ozone
    - Health effects: testicular mesothelial cancer
  5. Chlorate:
    - Source: Chlorine dioxide
    - Health effects: thyroid colloid depletion
52
Q

List 4 things that should be on a drinking water advisory

A
  1. What: contaminant, cause
  2. When: start/anticipated end
  3. Where: areas impacted
  4. How: boil water vs. do not consume/use
53
Q

List 2 reasons why a boil water advisory might be issued

A
  1. Positive test result
  2. Precaution if there was an issue with the distribution system or maintenance
54
Q

List 3 criteria for rescinding a boil water advisory

A
  1. Two consecutive negative bacteriological samples taken 24h apart
  2. Operational failures are corrected
  3. Cluster/outbreak has ended with incidence of cases returning to background levels
55
Q

List 2 differences between Do Not Consume and Do Not Use water advisories and give an example of a hazard that would trigger each.

A
  1. Reason for advisory: Do not consume advisories are indicated when the contaminant will not be removed by boiling. Do not use advisories are indicated when dermal or inhalation exposures are of concern
  2. Action: with Do Not Consume advisories, water can be used to shower and flush toilets but not for preparing food or brushing teeth. With Do Not Use advisories, water cannot be used for any domestic purposes
  3. Do Not Consume example: water lead levels above the MAC
    Do Not Use example: gasoline spill into the source water
56
Q

Health Canada authors the Canadian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines to ensure safe, clean, and reliable water. Describe the 4-3-2-1-0 process guideline for water treatment

A

4 log reduction in viruses
3 log reduction in protozoa such as Giardia or cryptosporidium
2 treatment processes such as disinfection and filtration
< 1 NTU turbidity with the target of 0.1NTU
0 fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and e.coli

57
Q

List 3 criteria for classification as a drinking water contaminant, according to the Canadian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines

A
  1. Exposure could lead to adverse health effects
  2. Contaminant frequently detected in drinking water in Canada
  3. Could expect to detect at a level of possible health significance
58
Q
  1. What is cyanobacteria and why is it an important public health issue?
  2. List 4 possible control measures against cyanobacteria
A
  1. Naturally occurring microorganisms that pose threat to health in recreational and drinking water due to the production of cyanotoxins. People can be exposed to cyanotoxins by dermal contact (e.g. swimming) which can lead to rashes and irritation. Exposure by ingestion can also occur (water, shellfish with PSP toxin) which can lead to acute GI illness and acute neurologic symptoms (headache, paralysis)
  2. E’s
    Engineering - decrease nutrient load in the water by diverting storm water, setback distances from farms

Engineering - treat contaminated water with ultrafiltration, oxidation, or activated charcoal)

Education - No swimming signs

Environmental - Do not consume advisories

Enforcement - Close beaches

59
Q

Biofilms can provide an environment for microbial growth on water pipes leading to corrosion, bad taste and odour, and contamination with Legionella pneumophilia and pseudomonas.
List 3 measures to mitigate the risk of bacteriological contamination in drinking water from biofilms in the distribution system.

A
  1. Nutrient control in the source water
  2. Prevent back flow
  3. Increase disinfectant residuals
  4. Corrosion control
60
Q

Community Water Fluoridation is a contentious issue. The main community-level benefits come from protecting children from dental caries, especially children living in poverty who might not have access to private-pay preventative dental care.
List 4 considerations for an ethical analysis of CWF.

A
  1. Equity - CWF will close the gap in dental health between children living in lower income and higher income households
  2. Autonomy - Individuals are unable to choose to have fluoride in their tap water, however can choose to filter out.
  3. Least restrictive means - consider other policy/program alternatives to accomplish the same outcome such as topical fluoride varnish programs for high-risk children.
  4. Harm principle - The health benefits (prevention of dental caries) are expected to outweigh harms (possible dental fluorosis) when water fluoride levels are kept below the MAC of 1.5 micrograms/L as systemic harms such as skeletal fluorosis are only seen at much higher concentrations.
61
Q

What are the top 4 causes of death from occupational exposures?

A
  1. Cancers
  2. CV disease
  3. Respiratory disease
  4. Unintentional injury
62
Q

List 3 rights of workers denied in the Occupational Health and Safety Act

A
  1. Right to know the risks
  2. Right to participate
  3. Right to refuse unsafe work
63
Q

List the 4 top occupational cancers by incidence

A
  1. Lung - diesel exhaust, PM2.5, asbestose, crystalline silica, arsenic, radon
  2. Bladder - Arsenic, aromatic amines
  3. Mesothelioma - asbestos
  4. Skin - UV radiation, ionising radiation, arsenic
    (5. Leukemia - benzene, formaldehyde, radiation)
    (6. Liver - vinyl chloride, arsenic)
64
Q

List 5 categories of occupational hazards and one example of each

A
  1. Physical - noise, falls
  2. Chemical - inhalation of formaldehyde
  3. Biological - exposure to microorganisms such as Hep B
  4. Radiation - UV radiation and burns from working outside
  5. Ergonomic - repetitive stress injury
  6. Psychological - workplace harassment
65
Q

List the 5 Meredith Principles for WCB

A

SINCE acronym
1. Security off benefits - employees continue to be paid
2. Independent administration (non-governmental)
3. No fault compensation - benefits are paid regardless of who is at fault
4. Collective liability - all employers contribute to one system
5. Exclusive jurisdiction - only workers compensation organisations can provide insurance (no competitors allowed)

66
Q
  1. What is the AQHI?
  2. What are the AQHI recommendations at each risk level?
  3. What is the threshold for issuing an air quality advisory?
A
  1. Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) is a scale used to communicate health risk (excess mortality) from acute pollution exposure. It is calculated using a weighted sum of PM 2.5/10, NO2, and ground level ozone.
    - Each increase in unit corresponds to a 1% increase in daily mortality.
    - Recommendations are categorized for the general population and “at risk” population.
    - The at risk population includes people with DM, CVD, Resp disease, children, and seniors
  2. Recommendations
    AQHI 1-3 Low risk: General pop - ideal for outdoor activities. At risk - enjoy usual activities

AQHI 4-6 Moderate risk: general pop - no need to modify usual activities unless Sx. At risk - consider rescheduling or reducing outdoor activities if Sx

AQHI 7-10 High risk: General pop - consider reducing outdoor activity if symptoms occur. At risk - reduce or reschedule outdoor strenuous activity.

AQHI >10 Very high risk: General pop - reduce or reschedule outdoor activity, esp if Sx. At risk - avoid strenuous outdoor activity

  1. Advisory if 7+ for 3h
    Special air quality statement of 7+ for 1-2h
67
Q

List 3 limitations of the AQHI

A
  1. Assumes additive effect of of three pollutants, opposed to synergistic
  2. Assumes all people are exposed to the same level of pollution within a geographic area
  3. Only accounts for acute exposure and mortality; doesn’t assess chronic risk
  4. Does not take into account morbidity
  5. Unclear validity in rural settings
68
Q

List 6 examples of control measures to decrease fuel emissions.

A

Engineering - stack standards for industrial facilities, wet scrubbers and filters, fuel modification, public transportation infrastructure, active transport infrastructure

Education - public awareness of the health (and environmental) impacts of emissions, public awareness on ways to decrease personal pollution

Economic - carbon tax, affordable/accessible public transit

Enforcement and legislation - Create idle-free zones, develop standards for vehicle emissions, reduce speed limits, cap and trade legislation for industrial emitters

Empowerment - encourage carpooling, generate public support

69
Q

List 3 important methods of improving indoor air quality

A
  1. Source contro
  2. Ventillate
  3. Filter
70
Q

List 3 common sources of indoor air contamination

A
  1. indoor combustion
  2. product residue e.g. furniture off-gassing
  3. outdoor air
71
Q

List 3 common contaminants of indoor air and a source for each

A
  1. Particulate matter - wood-burning furnace
  2. Carbon monoxide - gas cookers/stoves
  3. VOCs - photocopiers, paints

Ozone - photocopiers, electrostatic air purifiers
Formaldehyde - furniture, carpet
Dust mites - carpet, foam furniture cushions
Mould - leaky water pipes

72
Q

List 5 potential interventions to mitigate mould growth indoors

A
  1. Economic - financial incentives for landlords to maintain homes
  2. Engineering - increase ventilation with fans and open windows
  3. Environmental - dehumidifier
  4. Environmental - remove mould as soon as it is detected
  5. Enforcement - inspection for proper construction and maintenance
73
Q

What is radon and why is it an issue of public health importance?

A

Radon is a colourless, odourless radioactive gas emitted from rocks. It is a breakdown product of naturally occurring uranium. It is important because it is a known carcinogen for lung cancer, with about 16% of lung cancer deaths attributed to radon in Canada.

74
Q

What is the threshold and target for radon remediation?

A

200 Bq/m^3 average annual concentration in normal occupancy areas.
Note: 7% of Canadian homes exceed this limit
Remediation target: ALARA

75
Q

What is the Air Quality Management System (AQMS)?

A

Comprehensive and collaborative approach by F/P/T governments to reduce emissions and ambient concentrations of various pollutants of concern.

Framework for collaboration action across Canada to protect human health and the environment from harmful air pollutants through continuous air quality improvements.

76
Q

Describe the purpose of the Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS).

A

Standards to drive improvement in outdoor air quality in Canada. These standards are established as objectives in the Canadian Environmental Protection Act.
Standards have been developed for the following pollutants: fine PM (PM2.5), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide for a variety for averaging time periods (annual, 24h, 8h, 1h). https://ccme.ca/en/air-quality-report#slide-7

77
Q

List 4 mechanisms for improving outdoor air quality, outlined in the AQMS.

A
  1. Air zone management: a place-based approach to air quality mgmt
  2. Air shed coordination: coordination in the 6 regional air shed areas in Canada allowing for joint action on pollutants that move between provinces and territories.
  3. Mobile sources: Addressing emissions from the transportation sector
  4. Industrial emissions: BLIERs (base-level industrial emission requirements) established by industry and equipment type for PM, NOx, SO2, VOCs
78
Q

List 2 examples of regulatory legislation to decrease emissions at the federal, provincial, and municipal level each.

A
  1. Fed - Canadian Environmental Protection Act regulates vehicle emissions, allowable fuels for vehicles, railways, and marine vessels
  2. P/T- Air quality standards and guidelines, Air Shed management plans
  3. Municipal - bylaws to create idle-free zones, transportation infrastructure planning
79
Q

The US EPA has established Airborne Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) which state toxicity thresholds for acute exposures to airborne hazards. Describe the difference between the 3 AEGL levels

A

AEGL-1: symptoms are transient and not disabling
AEGL-2: symptoms are irreversible or serious
AEGL-3 symptoms are lifethreatening

80
Q

List the top 4 food-borne illnesses by incidence

A
  1. Norovirus
  2. C. perfringens
  3. Campylobacter
  4. Salmonella
81
Q

List the top 4 causes of food-borne illness hospitalisation

A
  1. Norovirus
  2. Salmonella
  3. Campylobacter
  4. E. coli
82
Q

List the 4 top causes of food borne illness deaths

A
  1. Listeria
  2. Norovirus
  3. Salmonella
  4. E. coli
83
Q

List the 3 top pathogens detected from food samples

A
  1. Campylobacter
  2. Salmonella
  3. Listeria
84
Q

List the top 3 pathogens detected in water

A
  1. E. coli (STEC)
  2. Campylobacter
  3. Salmonella
85
Q

List the top 2 pathogens detected on farms

A
  1. Campylobacter
  2. Salmonella

PHPM RC Prep 2024 (6 decks)

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