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EP Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Principles of Psychology (4)

A
  1. determinism
  2. empiricism
  3. parsimony
  4. testability
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2
Q

Determinism

A

events have logical causes

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3
Q

Empiricism

A

observation is the key to learning

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4
Q

Parsimony

A

the simpler the better

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5
Q

Testability

A

theories must be testable

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6
Q

Logical Positivism

A

knowledge must be based on what we can observes with complete certainty

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7
Q

Descriptive Studies

A

describe variable

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8
Q

Correlational Studies

A

predict one variable using another

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9
Q

Experimental Studies

A

explain the relationship between variables

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10
Q

Operational Measures

A

an indirect way to measure abstract concepts

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11
Q

Ways of Knowing (4) - least to most reliable

A
  1. authority figures
  2. intuition
  3. logic
  4. observation
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12
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

general -> specific

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13
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

specific -> general

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14
Q

Law

A

Universal statement about the nature of something

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15
Q

Theory

A

statement about the relationship between variable

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16
Q

Hypothesis

A

specific predictions derived from theories

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17
Q

Validation

A

attempt to gather information to support hypothesis

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18
Q

Falsification

A

attempt to refute hypothesis

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19
Q

Qualification

A

attempt to identify boundaries or limitations

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20
Q

Positive Test Bias

A

confirmation bias (you see what you expect to see)

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21
Q

p-value

A

(significance level) the probability that findings result from chance or random error

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22
Q

How to lower p-values

A

greater sample size; greater difference between groups

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23
Q

Type I Error

A

incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis (rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true)

24
Q

Type II Error

A

failing to reject an incorrect null hypothesis (no rejecting null hypothesis when it is false)

25
Q

Boundary conditions

A

limitations of theories

26
Q

Case study

A

descriptive study that examines an individual or group

27
Q

Census

A

study using data from every member of the population

28
Q

Random Sampling

A

everyone has an equal chance of being selected

29
Q

Cluster sampling

A

breaking down the population into clusters then selecting

30
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

sampling based on certain subgroups

31
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

sampling based on whatever subjects are nearest/most convenient

32
Q

Best Fit Line

A

Positive slope = positive correlation
Negative slope = negative correlation
Flat line = no correlation

33
Q

Positive correlation

A

as X increases/decreases, Y also increases/decreases

34
Q

Negative Correlation

A

as X increases/decreases, Y decreases/increases

35
Q

Questionnaires/Interviews

A

self-reporting

36
Q

Archival Analysis

A

using preexisting data

37
Q

Observational Research

A

real behavior in a natural setting

38
Q

Validity

39
Q

Reliability

A

consistency

40
Q

Construct Validity

A

Is the operational definition a good one? Does it measure the abstract concept?

41
Q

Assessing Construct Validity (4)

A
  1. face validity
  2. content validity
  3. convergent validity
  4. discriminant validity
42
Q

Face validity

A

does it seem to measure the concept?

43
Q

Content validity

A

does it cover the entire range of the construct?

44
Q

Convergent validity

A

does it correlate with other variables that measure the concept?

45
Q

Discriminant validity

A

does it discriminate between similar constructs?

46
Q

Internal Validity

A

extent to which the study design allows us to conclude causality

47
Q

External Validity

A

extent to which study is generalizable

48
Q

Internal Reliability

A

consistency of scale/measure

49
Q

Interrater Reliability

A

consistency among judges

50
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

consistency between trials/over time

51
Q

Random Errors

A

chance fluctuations in measurement

52
Q

Systematic Errors

A

nonrandom fluctuations in measurement

53
Q

Nominal

A

categorical data (arbitrary)

54
Q

Ordinal

A

data that classifies and ranks

55
Q

Interval

A

data that classifies, ranks, and has standardized relative distances

56
Q

Ratio

A

data that classifies, ranks, has standardized relative distances, and a true 0 (meaning a lack of)

EP TEST 1 (1 decks)

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