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Year 9 Biology > EoY summary > Flashcards

EoY summary Flashcards

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1
Q

xylem

A 
transport water and minerals from roots to leaves
transpiration stream
walls contain lignin
elongated dead cells forming tubes
no cytoplasm
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2
Q

phloem

A

transports dissolved sucrose and amino acids (products of photosynthesis)
translocation
living cells arranged end to end
contain cytoplasm
sieve plates
chemicals and pesticides move through the plant by translocation

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3
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

include animal and plant cells

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4
Q

prokaryotes

A

include bacterial cells

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5
Q

where is DNA in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

in eukaryotic cells, the DNA is in the nucleus however prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus and their DNA is free in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

subcellular structures in animal cells

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes

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7
Q

subcellular structures in plant cells

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts, vacuole, cell wall,

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8
Q

nucleus

A

stores and protects cell’s genetic information from chemicals in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

mitochondria

A

power houses of cells: sites of aerobic respiration

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10
Q

aerobic respiration

A

process which releases energy which is used by cells to carry out living processes

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11
Q

ribsomes

A

one of the smallest subcellular structures

site of protein synthesis from amino acids

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12
Q

cell membrane

A

surrounds entire contents of cell

receptor molecules; selective barrier

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13
Q

receptor molecules

A

on the cell membrane
recognise specific substances
some substances are allowed to pass freely whilst others are prevented from crossing

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14
Q

cytoplasm

A

jelly-like substance where all of the subcellular structures are found and in which most cellular processes and reactions take place

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15
Q

cell wall

A

rigid external barrier made of cellulose

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16
Q

vacuole

A

fluid (cell sap) filled cavity that stores water and nutrients

store waste products, maintain water and pH balance
maintain cell shape

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17
Q

chloroplasts

A

sites of photosynthesis
contain green pigment called chlorophyll
absorbs light energy

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18
Q

specialised cells

A

originate from stem cells

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19
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated: not specialised for any specific function

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20
Q

cell differentiation

A

process that turns an unspecialised cell into a specialised cell that is adapted to carry out a specific function
cell differentiation is irreversible

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21
Q

nerve cells

A

long and thin: transmit electrical impulses along long distances in the body

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22
Q

muscle cells

A

lots of mitochondria to release energy that can be used for contraction

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23
Q

red blood cells

A

biconcave in shape to increase surface area over which oxygen can be absorbed

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24
Q

sperm cells

A

long tail: move towards egg
mitochondria: produce energy needed to move to egg
large nucleus: carry genetic material to egg
acrosome: compartment containing digestive enzymes released during fertilisation to break down the protective layers around the egg

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25
Q

root hair cells

A

structurally adapted to absorb water and nutrients from soil to plant
cytoplasmic extensions increase SA
large vacuole stores water

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26
Q

magnification formula

A

magnification (%) = size of image (mm)/actual size of object (mm)

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27
Q

conversions

micrometres (μm) -> nanometres (nm) -> picometers (pm)

A 
1μm = 0.001mm
1nm = 0.001μm
pm = 0.001nm
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28
Q

electron vs optical microscopes

A

electron microscopes are much more powerful (magnification up to 10 million)
resolution of light microscope is limited by the wavelength of light

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29
Q

cell cycle phases

A

mitosis: prophase,metaphase, anaphase and telophase

then cytokinesis

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30
Q

cell cycle purpose/role

A

growth and development: produces new body cells which enables organisms to grow larger
repair and replacement: new cells produced can be used to replace old and damaged cells
asexual reproduction: some organisms use cell cycle to produce offspring

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31
Q

interphase

A

prepares a cell for mitosis
chromosomes are duplicated

structural changes: larger, number of subcellular structures increases

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32
Q

prophase

A

nucleus membrane disappears

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33
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell

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34
Q

anaphase

A

chromatids pull apart to opposite ends of the cell

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35
Q

telophase

A

new membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and the cell starts to divide

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36
Q

diploid

A

containing complete set of chromosomes

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37
Q

stem cells

A

a type of undifferentiated cell

stem cells can divide to produce more cells of the same type or it can develop into a type of specialised cell.

38
Q

stem cell functions

A

growth and development

repair and replacement

39
Q

adult stem cells

A

restricted in the type of specialised cell that they can become because some of their genes have become turned off

40
Q

stem cells can help conditions such as:

A

diabetes

paralysis

41
Q

exchange im single celled organsisms

A

they can obtain nutrients and excrete waste simply by diffusion across their external surfaces

42
Q

exchange in multicellular organisms

A

transport takes place across specialised exchange surfaces. in animals, urea can diffuse out of the blood and into the kidneys to be excreted

43
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the net movement of molecules in a gas or liquid, moving from a high concentration to an are of lower concentration

diffusion is a passive process because it doesn’t require energy to occur

main way that substances move over short distances in organisms
e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, food and waste products

44
Q

factors that affect diffusion

A 
surface area: larger>
temperature: higher>
concentration gradient: higher gradient>
mass of particles: smaller>
diffusion medium
45
Q

alveoli diffusion adaptions

A

surface area: more area where diffusion can occur
one-cell-thick membrane: short diffusion path
good blood supply: maintains steep concentration gradient
well ventilated: maintains a steep concentration gradient

46
Q

fish gills diffusion adaptions

A

good blood supply
larger surface area
thin membrane
well ventilated

47
Q

small intestine diffusion adaptions

A

large surface area (villi)
thin walls (villi)
good blood supply (villi)

48
Q

root hair cell diffusion adaptions

A

large surface area

thin walls

49
Q

leaf diffusion adaptions

A

larger surface area
thin
ventilated (stomata)

50
Q

what is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane

51
Q

what is active transport?

A

requires energy
particles move against a concentration gradient across a semi-permeable membrane
energy is needed to make ‘protein pumps’ move the wrong way
energy from aerobic respiration is used to move these substances e.g. glucose from the intestines, into the blood

52
Q

organizational hierarchy

A

specialized cells are grouped into tissues which combine to make organs which make organ systems such as the digestive system.

53
Q

cells

A

building blocks of living things

basic structural units that can join together in different ways to form specialized tissues

54
Q

tissues

A

group of cells that share similar structure and function

epithelial cells can work together to form epithelial tissue which lines many organs in the body

55
Q

organ

A

two or more types of tissue can work together to form an organ. For example, the small intestine is an organ that includes epithelial, glandular and muscular tissue

56
Q

organ system

A

two or more types of organ work together within an organ system.
for example the digestive system

57
Q

organism

A

a living thing
most organisms are made up of many specialised organ systems
each organ system contributes to the organism’s survival

58
Q

polymer: carbohydrate
enzyme?
monomer?

A

enzyme: carbohydrase
monomer: simple sugars

59
Q

polymer: protein
enzyme?
monomer?

A

enzyme: protease
monomer: amino acids

60
Q

polymer: fats
enzyme?
monomer?

A

enzyme: lipase
monomer: fatty acids and glycerol

61
Q

carbohydrase

A

produced in salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

62
Q

protease

A

produced in stomach, pancreas and small intestine

63
Q

lipase

A

produced in pancreas, small intestine

64
Q

what do digestive enzymes do?

A

convert food into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

65
Q

bile

A

produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
bile emulsifies lipids, leaving a larger surface area for enzymes, and neutralises the pH of the hydrochloric acid from the stomach, providing a good pH for lipase and carbohydrase.

66
Q

enzyme optimal conditions

A

around 37°C

pH varies between different types of digestive enzymes

67
Q

denatured

A

if the pH changes too drastically from the enzyme’s optimum pH, the enzyme becomes irreversibly changed (denatured)
the enzyme is no longer able to catalyse reactions

68
Q

qualitative reagents

starch

A

starch is detected using the iodine test. if starch is present, the mixture will go blue-black

69
Q

qualitative reagents

sugar

A

sugar is detected using the Benedict’s test. add Benedict’s solution to the food sample and heat. if sugar is present, the mixture will turn brick red

70
Q

qualitative reagents

protein

A

protein is detected using Biuret’s reagent. add reagent, shake, repeat.
if protein is present, the mixture will turn purple/violet

71
Q

qualitative reagents

lipids

A

lipids can be detected using the emulsion method.
add ethanol (an alcohol), shake, add to cold water.
if lipids are present, a white, cloudy emulsion will form

72
Q

meristem tissue

A

at a plant’s root tips and shoot tips, is a special type of tissue called meristem tissue which contain plant stem cells called meristem cells.
meristem cells can undergo differentiation to form specialised cells such as xylem, phloem, root hair cells and leaf cells

73
Q

stomata

A

photosynthesis used carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. these gases move in and out of the leaves by diffusion through small pores found in the underside of the leave called stomata.

74
Q

guard cells

A

control opening and closing of stomata to regulate water loss
this happens because when they absorb water they open and when the lose water they close.

75
Q

layers of a leaf in order

A 
waxy cuticle
upper epidermis
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
lower epidermis (guard cells and stomata)
76
Q

waxy cuticle

A

waterproof to reduce water loss

transparent to allow light to reach cells below

77
Q

epidermis

A

transparent protective layer on the upper and lower sides of the leaf

78
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

filled with closely packed palisade cells that contain lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

79
Q

vein

A

vascular bundle of xylem and phloem cells

80
Q

roots

A

adapted to take up water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport from the surrounding soils

81
Q

transpiration stream

A

describes the movement of water in the xylem tissues, from the roots to the leaves

82
Q

rate of transpiration varies in response to…

A

environmental factors including:

  • humidity
  • temperature
  • light intensity
  • air movement (wind)
83
Q

effect of light intensity on rate of transpiration

A

more -> more photosynthesis -> use more CO2 and water

therefore transpiration increases when light intensity increases

84
Q

effect of temperature on rate of transpiration

A

higher -> water evaporates faster -> warm air absorbs more water -> water moves through the plant more and it is well ventilated
therefore transpiration increases tempature increases

85
Q

effect of humidity on rate of transpiration

A

more humid -> air already saturated

therefore rate of transpiration decreases when humidity increases

86
Q

effect of air movement on rate of transpiration

A

water-saturated ar moves -> replaced with drier air

therefore increased air movement means increased rate of transpiration

87
Q

photosynthesis

A

plants make their own food by photosynthesis; a chemical reaction requiring light energy
the light energy transfers from the environment to the part of the plant where photosynthesis occurs

88
Q

word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

oxygen is a waste product and diffuses out of the leaves

89
Q

balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2

90
Q

which factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

light
carbon dioxide
temperature
chlorophyll

91
Q

what happens when one factor that affects the rate of photosynthesis is restricted?

A

the rate of photosynthesis will be below the maximum possible rate
the restricted factor is called the limiting factor

Year 9 Biology (2 decks)

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