Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 9 Biology > EoY summary > Flashcards

EoY summary Flashcards

1
Q

xylem

A 
transport water and minerals from roots to leaves
transpiration stream
walls contain lignin
elongated dead cells forming tubes
no cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

phloem

A

transports dissolved sucrose and amino acids (products of photosynthesis)
translocation
living cells arranged end to end
contain cytoplasm
sieve plates
chemicals and pesticides move through the plant by translocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

include animal and plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

prokaryotes

A

include bacterial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is DNA in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

in eukaryotic cells, the DNA is in the nucleus however prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus and their DNA is free in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

subcellular structures in animal cells

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

subcellular structures in plant cells

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts, vacuole, cell wall,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nucleus

A

stores and protects cell’s genetic information from chemicals in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mitochondria

A

power houses of cells: sites of aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

aerobic respiration

A

process which releases energy which is used by cells to carry out living processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ribsomes

A

one of the smallest subcellular structures

site of protein synthesis from amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cell membrane

A

surrounds entire contents of cell

receptor molecules; selective barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

receptor molecules

A

on the cell membrane
recognise specific substances
some substances are allowed to pass freely whilst others are prevented from crossing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cytoplasm

A

jelly-like substance where all of the subcellular structures are found and in which most cellular processes and reactions take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cell wall

A

rigid external barrier made of cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

vacuole

A

fluid (cell sap) filled cavity that stores water and nutrients

store waste products, maintain water and pH balance
maintain cell shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chloroplasts

A

sites of photosynthesis
contain green pigment called chlorophyll
absorbs light energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

specialised cells

A

originate from stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated: not specialised for any specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cell differentiation

A

process that turns an unspecialised cell into a specialised cell that is adapted to carry out a specific function
cell differentiation is irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

nerve cells

A

long and thin: transmit electrical impulses along long distances in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

muscle cells

A

lots of mitochondria to release energy that can be used for contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

red blood cells

A

biconcave in shape to increase surface area over which oxygen can be absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sperm cells

A

long tail: move towards egg
mitochondria: produce energy needed to move to egg
large nucleus: carry genetic material to egg
acrosome: compartment containing digestive enzymes released during fertilisation to break down the protective layers around the egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
root hair cells
structurally adapted to absorb water and nutrients from soil to plant cytoplasmic extensions increase SA large vacuole stores water
26
magnification formula
magnification (%) = size of image (mm)/actual size of object (mm)
27
conversions | micrometres (μm) -> nanometres (nm) -> picometers (pm)
``` 1μm = 0.001mm 1nm = 0.001μm pm = 0.001nm ```
28
electron vs optical microscopes
electron microscopes are much more powerful (magnification up to 10 million) resolution of light microscope is limited by the wavelength of light
29
cell cycle phases
mitosis: prophase,metaphase, anaphase and telophase | then cytokinesis
30
cell cycle purpose/role
growth and development: produces new body cells which enables organisms to grow larger repair and replacement: new cells produced can be used to replace old and damaged cells asexual reproduction: some organisms use cell cycle to produce offspring
31
interphase
prepares a cell for mitosis chromosomes are duplicated structural changes: larger, number of subcellular structures increases
32
prophase
nucleus membrane disappears
33
metaphase
chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell
34
anaphase
chromatids pull apart to opposite ends of the cell
35
telophase
new membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and the cell starts to divide
36
diploid
containing complete set of chromosomes
37
stem cells
a type of undifferentiated cell | stem cells can divide to produce more cells of the same type or it can develop into a type of specialised cell.
38
stem cell functions
growth and development | repair and replacement
39
adult stem cells
restricted in the type of specialised cell that they can become because some of their genes have become turned off
40
stem cells can help conditions such as:
diabetes | paralysis
41
exchange im single celled organsisms
they can obtain nutrients and excrete waste simply by diffusion across their external surfaces
42
exchange in multicellular organisms
transport takes place across specialised exchange surfaces. in animals, urea can diffuse out of the blood and into the kidneys to be excreted
43
what is diffusion?
the net movement of molecules in a gas or liquid, moving from a high concentration to an are of lower concentration diffusion is a passive process because it doesn't require energy to occur main way that substances move over short distances in organisms e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, food and waste products
44
factors that affect diffusion
``` surface area: larger> temperature: higher> concentration gradient: higher gradient> mass of particles: smaller> diffusion medium ```
45
alveoli diffusion adaptions
surface area: more area where diffusion can occur one-cell-thick membrane: short diffusion path good blood supply: maintains steep concentration gradient well ventilated: maintains a steep concentration gradient
46
fish gills diffusion adaptions
good blood supply larger surface area thin membrane well ventilated
47
small intestine diffusion adaptions
large surface area (villi) thin walls (villi) good blood supply (villi)
48
root hair cell diffusion adaptions
large surface area | thin walls
49
leaf diffusion adaptions
larger surface area thin ventilated (stomata)
50
what is osmosis?
diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane
51
what is active transport?
requires energy particles move against a concentration gradient across a semi-permeable membrane energy is needed to make 'protein pumps' move the wrong way energy from aerobic respiration is used to move these substances e.g. glucose from the intestines, into the blood
52
organizational hierarchy
specialized cells are grouped into tissues which combine to make organs which make organ systems such as the digestive system.
53
cells
building blocks of living things | basic structural units that can join together in different ways to form specialized tissues
54
tissues
group of cells that share similar structure and function | epithelial cells can work together to form epithelial tissue which lines many organs in the body
55
organ
two or more types of tissue can work together to form an organ. For example, the small intestine is an organ that includes epithelial, glandular and muscular tissue
56
organ system
two or more types of organ work together within an organ system. for example the digestive system
57
organism
a living thing most organisms are made up of many specialised organ systems each organ system contributes to the organism's survival
58
polymer: carbohydrate enzyme? monomer?
enzyme: carbohydrase monomer: simple sugars
59
polymer: protein enzyme? monomer?
enzyme: protease monomer: amino acids
60
polymer: fats enzyme? monomer?
enzyme: lipase monomer: fatty acids and glycerol
61
carbohydrase
produced in salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
62
protease
produced in stomach, pancreas and small intestine
63
lipase
produced in pancreas, small intestine
64
what do digestive enzymes do?
convert food into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
65
bile
produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. bile emulsifies lipids, leaving a larger surface area for enzymes, and neutralises the pH of the hydrochloric acid from the stomach, providing a good pH for lipase and carbohydrase.
66
enzyme optimal conditions
around 37°C | pH varies between different types of digestive enzymes
67
denatured
if the pH changes too drastically from the enzyme's optimum pH, the enzyme becomes irreversibly changed (denatured) the enzyme is no longer able to catalyse reactions
68
qualitative reagents | starch
starch is detected using the iodine test. if starch is present, the mixture will go blue-black
69
qualitative reagents | sugar
sugar is detected using the Benedict's test. add Benedict's solution to the food sample and heat. if sugar is present, the mixture will turn brick red
70
qualitative reagents | protein
protein is detected using Biuret's reagent. add reagent, shake, repeat. if protein is present, the mixture will turn purple/violet
71
qualitative reagents | lipids
lipids can be detected using the emulsion method. add ethanol (an alcohol), shake, add to cold water. if lipids are present, a white, cloudy emulsion will form
72
meristem tissue
at a plant's root tips and shoot tips, is a special type of tissue called meristem tissue which contain plant stem cells called meristem cells. meristem cells can undergo differentiation to form specialised cells such as xylem, phloem, root hair cells and leaf cells
73
stomata
photosynthesis used carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. these gases move in and out of the leaves by diffusion through small pores found in the underside of the leave called stomata.
74
guard cells
control opening and closing of stomata to regulate water loss this happens because when they absorb water they open and when the lose water they close.
75
layers of a leaf in order
``` waxy cuticle upper epidermis palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll lower epidermis (guard cells and stomata) ```
76
waxy cuticle
waterproof to reduce water loss | transparent to allow light to reach cells below
77
epidermis
transparent protective layer on the upper and lower sides of the leaf
78
palisade mesophyll
filled with closely packed palisade cells that contain lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
79
vein
vascular bundle of xylem and phloem cells
80
roots
adapted to take up water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport from the surrounding soils
81
transpiration stream
describes the movement of water in the xylem tissues, from the roots to the leaves
82
rate of transpiration varies in response to...
environmental factors including: - humidity - temperature - light intensity - air movement (wind)
83
effect of light intensity on rate of transpiration
more -> more photosynthesis -> use more CO2 and water therefore transpiration increases when light intensity increases
84
effect of temperature on rate of transpiration
higher -> water evaporates faster -> warm air absorbs more water -> water moves through the plant more and it is well ventilated therefore transpiration increases tempature increases
85
effect of humidity on rate of transpiration
more humid -> air already saturated therefore rate of transpiration decreases when humidity increases
86
effect of air movement on rate of transpiration
water-saturated ar moves -> replaced with drier air therefore increased air movement means increased rate of transpiration
87
photosynthesis
plants make their own food by photosynthesis; a chemical reaction requiring light energy the light energy transfers from the environment to the part of the plant where photosynthesis occurs
88
word equation for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen oxygen is a waste product and diffuses out of the leaves
89
balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2
90
which factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
light carbon dioxide temperature chlorophyll
91
what happens when one factor that affects the rate of photosynthesis is restricted?
the rate of photosynthesis will be below the maximum possible rate the restricted factor is called the limiting factor

Year 9 Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions