EoY's Revision Y8 Flashcards
What is a Cold Environment
An area of land in which is permanently covered with ice. They are full of glaciers and ice sheets with temperatures constanly uder freezing.
Latitude Definition
The further you are away from the equator. This affects how hot are cold a places is (near or far)
Altitude Definition
The higher a point of land is, the colder it will be every 100m up approximately 1°C of heat is lost.
Continentality definition
However far a place is from the sea. The warmer it will be in the summer, but the colder it will be in the winter. If your near the sea, the milder the summers will be and the warmer the winters will get.
Glacial Inputs
Precipitation, Rocks, Snow, Avalanches, Boulders and any other material that may add considerable amounts of weight onto it, even forces, such as gravity
Glacial Processes
The weight of the glacier. This is what helps it to travel through anything in it’s path. A slope and gravity are crucial at this pint, as well as weight.
Glacial Outputs
The main outputs of a glacier at the end are ice, meltwater, sediment and V or U shape valley when it has all melted.
The two zones of a glacier
There are two zones of a Glacier. There is the Accumulation Zone and the Ablation Zone. The Accumulation Zone is the first half of the Glacier where ice, precipitation e.c.t are accumulated. The ablation zone is where all of the outputs are outputted and where the Glacier advances and retreats.
Accumulation>Ablation=Glacier Advances (in winter)
Accumulation
Types of Glacial Erosion
Abrasion
Plucking
Freeze Thaw
Abrasion:
Erodes with a sandpaper affect
Grids sediment across the ground and scrapes larger rocks along
Leaves a smooth shiny rock face behind on the surface
Big Scratches are left on the Valley Floor
Plucking:
Occurs when meltwater freezes in cracks and attaches itself to the rock. Overtime, the rocks are pulled off as the cracks usually end up breaking the piece of rock off. This happens as the glacier is moving.
Freeze Thaw:
When water or rain gets in cracks of bedrock, it will freeze and expand and will make the rocks looser, making it easier to break off.
Occurs down the sides of Glaciers and forms a scree. A scree is when bits and fragments of rock break off the main mountain and onto the glacier.
How are Corries formed?
Snow builds up in a hollow high up on the North Face of a mountain. Sometime later a small glacier will form.
The ice moves under it’s own weight in a circular way called rotational movement.
A small corrie full of ice flows out onto the main valley glacier
The mountain top is weathered by Freeze-Thaw. Persistant freezing and melting breaks sediment off which falls into the ice.
Erosion on the back wall is caused by plucking. Water freezes and pulls off rock. It develops a vertical shaped, jagged appearance.
Rocks that have fallen into the glacier, scrape away the floor with abrasion. A deep bowl shape has been formed.
There is less erosion at the front of the corrie as there is at the back so a lip or rock bar forms. Also moraines are deposited here.
When the ice melts, a small, but very big lake often forms in the hollow called a tarn.
Arêtes and Pyramidal Peaks
Arêtes and Pyramidal Peaks are formed in the following ways:
An Arête is basically a back-to-back Corrie where a ‘knife edged ridge’ is formed. The process is exactly the same as shown in a corrie but they are both just made back-to-back.
Pyramidal Peaks are like Arêtes but there are 3 Corries instead of 2. 3 ‘knife edged ridges’ are formed and a Pyramidal Peak is made at the top.
How are V shaped valleys formed
They are formed by glaciers creating the original valley and then a river eroding it even more to create the V shape.
How are U shaped Valleys formed
U Shaped valley are formed by glaciers when they erode through the landscape and gave melted to leave this U shape.
Evidence Our Climate is Changing
The average global temperature is slowly increasing.
The more CO2 burned, the more the temperature will rise
In 1683, it was so cold that the River Thames was frozen over, how often is that seen now?
Glaciers are melting, meaning sea levels are on the rise and fast
Why is our Climate Changing
Do to CO2 levels rising and the Human Enhanced Greenhouse affect is taking place. We are also digging up too much fossil fuels. The Carbon Cycle has also been overloaded, meaning that a thick layer of CO2 and Greenhouse gasses are found at the Ozone layer.
The Consequences of Climate Change
More heat related deaths Homes being flooded Unpredictable Weather patterns Loss of habitats and endangered species England could be hot enough to grow tropical fruits Greater risk of forest fires Droughts will increase Tourism to grow in England More exotic types of fish to come to the British Coast Worldwide Jet streams will be weakened
How can we make our lives more sustainable?
We can do what BedZED are doing. They are community homes that promote eco-friendly living and to live sustainably. They:
Use 81% less energy, 45% less electricity and 58% less water than average British homes
Have all their buildings insulated with 300mm thick walls
Used 53% of all materials used to build the site were found within 35 miles.
Building are South facing with large triple glazed windows to maximise solar gain and warmth, reducing the amount of heating needed to be used.
Balconies with space to grow plants are provided
Low energy lighting and appliances and grey water harvesting are all also used alongside a ventilation system that uses wind to ventilate rooms in the summer months and hot days.
Solar panels on the roofs of the housing
Green Transport plans are in place with walking and cycling activity being promoted. The sites are built close to bus stops, railways stations and tram links. Instead of everyone having a car for their own, they share out cars by their loaning a car system.
Wind Energy Pros and Cons
Pros:
Clean fuel source
It doesn’t pollute the surroundings or emit greenhouse gasses or CO2.
As a group, they can generate large amounts of electricity.
It is one of the cheapest renewable energy resources after being fully set up.
Can be built far offshore
Cons:
The spoil the views of nice fields and landscapes
Cost of exporting the electricity made by the turbines can be high when they are far offshore
The turbines blades cause an average of 4 bird death per year
Solar Energy Pros and Cons
Pros:
It is a growing industry, meaning more and more jobs to become available
Requires little maintenance once installed and working
No noise is created by the panels when they are working
Cons:
Large Solar farms take up land that could be used for grazing animals or growing crops
Manufacturing the photovoltaic panels can be harmful to the environment as they are made up of toxic metals such as mercury, lead and cadmium along with a non-metal of Silicon
Fragile habitats can easily be destroyed when creating the Solar Farms
Hydro-Electric Power (HEP) Pros and Cons
Pros:
A reliable, consistent source of energy and has very few fluctuations
They can easily be altered to change the patterns of water passing through
The construction of them helps conserving water supplies
Cons:
They are expensive to build
They spoil a beautiful landscape
They can displace farms and small village and replace them with dams and reservoirs
It affects the surrounding wildlife that relies on it
Tidal Energy Pros and Cons
Pros:
It does not produce any greenhouse gasses or CO2
The patterns of the tide are very predictable
They are very affective when the tide is travelling at low speeds
Some places that are designed and some have been built can be used for so many other things and actually look nice (concept of Swansea Lagoon Bay)
Cons:
It can kill fish and other marine animals
It can change the pattern of the waves and other natural practices
It is very close to the land
They are extremely expensive to build and have high running costs
Wave Power Pros and Cons
Pros:
Are hidden and are not visible
They are consistent in the energy they make
They don’t produce any CO2 or emit any other greenhouse gasses
They are easy to predict
Cons:
They kill marine animals such as fish
They can disturb the patterns of the water
It can prevent people from swimming over that part of the sea if they are build close in
The energy a single unit produces is not much
The cost of transporting the electricity made is high
Biomass Pros and Cons
Pros:
It is Renewable
It is a consistent ay of producing energy
It is low costing
It helps to increase the levels of oxygen in our world
Cons: Destroys wildlife and animals around it It destroys living habitats It produces CO2 Constantly needs to be harvested Overall, it makes the environment worse, rather than making it betting
4 Types of River Erosional Processes
Hydraulic Action - The force of the River against the banks can cause air to be force into the cracks, making the surrounding rock weaker and it can wear away or fall into the river
Abrasion - Rocks carried along by the river rub and scrape along the river bed and banks
Attrition - Rocks are carried by the river and smash together, therefore, breaking into smaller, smoother and rounder pebbles
Solution - Soluble rocks are dissolved into the River
4 Types of River Transportation
Solution - Minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution
Suspension - Fine light material is carried along in the water
Saltation - Small Pebbles and Stones are bounced along the River Bed.
Traction - Large Boulders and Rocks are rolled along thee river bed
Deposition
Rivers Deposit the heaviest material first. It deposits the heaviest material first and it does this when it losses energy or doesn’t have enough energy.
In the Upper course you will find:______ +______ and are made in the following way
Waterfalls and Plunge Pools. They are made by:
When hard rock is formed over softer rock. The river gradually erodes the softer rock until a drop is formed. A steep back wall is eroded. The bottom is made deeper by erosion and the softer rock that was below the harder rock is also eroded backwards to create an overhand of hard rock. The waterfall and plunge pool will have now formed as the new river bed will have deepened at the impact point of the water from the waterfall hitting it. The overhang will eventually fall off under it’s own weight.
In the Middle Course course you will find:______ +______ and are made in the following way
Meanders and Ox-Bow lakes. The are made by:
When a river erodes laterally and it has slight curves. The fastest flow of water gradually erodes the outside bends and sediment is deposited on what begins to form as an inside turn of a meander. As this both carries on the meander is fully made, but eventually, it will bend back on itself and and up breaking through the land that separates the two sides. Now the fastest flow of water is through the middle. An ox-bow lake has now formed. The water where the meander was evaporates and sediment eventually cuts it off. All that’s left is a meander scar
In the Lower Course course you will find:______ +______ and are made in the following way
Floodplains and Leveés. They are made by:
When a river deposits it’s sediment when it floods. The larger pebble form leveés and the sands and clays are deposited behind them and the smaller particles follow. This together is now effectively a floodplain. A floodplain is built up more, as more floods occur.
The Bradshaw model says that:_______ increases/decreases the longer the river goes on for.
Discharge Increases Occupied Channel Width Increases Channel Depth Increases Average Velocity Increases Load Quantity Increases Load Particle Size Decreases Channel Bed Roughness Decreases The Slope Angle Decreases
What does a Long Profile Show
It shows the change in altitude or a river’s course from it’s source to mouth
What does a Cross Profile Show
A River cross profile shows you a cross-section of a river’s channel and valley at certain points in the river’s course. The cross profile of a river changes as it moves from the upper to lower course.
Common Data Presentation Techniques
Bar Charts - Allow you to show data from different areas back-to-back.
Scatter Graphs - Allow you to see two sets of information all at once. This can create a positive or negative correlation between the two sets of information
Proportional Symbols - The different sizes represent certain amounts of sizes of something(s) in a certain place or places. Despite this, lots of information or lots of the same sizes/amounts here can make it confusing. It can also compare things in chosen locations quickly and visually.
Definition of PEAM and how to Analyse and Evaluate Data
P attern
E vidence
A nomalie
M anipulation
Use this when your analysing your data, as you will have to spot all of these things in one set of data. You spot the pattern, try and find evidence of this and explain why this could be happening and for what reasons (use your own words). If there are any anomalies in the data, remember this and try to think why and again explain. Now, you will need to Manipulate your data. Try and find stats like Site 5 is 7 times bigger in Channel Depth than Site 1 for example. Use a calculator for this.
If you have found and done all of this, you just need to evaluate it and check it, before writing a conclusion on your findings. To do this, use all of the things that you have found in the above.
Drainage Basin Key Terms
Drainage Basin (an area of land in which where a water droplet falls, will usually end up, eventually, in the main river in there.
Watershed (an area of high land separating one drainage basin from another)
Upper Course
Middle Course
Lower Course
Source
Mouth
Confluence
Tributary
Meander
Ox-Box Lake
Floodplain
Leveé
Waterfall
Plunge Pool
Deposition
Erosion
Hydraulic Action
Abrasion
Attrition
Solution (Soluble Rocks being dissolved into the River and being Transported)
Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Hydrological Cycle Key Terms
Surface Run Off - Water flows across the ground, straight into a river weather it’s wet or dry
Infiltration - Water moves downwards into the soil from the surface
Soil Moisture Storage - Water fills the pores between soil particles
Percolation - Water moves deep downwards into the permeable rock
Soil Moisture Flow - Water flows horizontally through the soil towards the river
Groundwater Storage - Water fills the cracks in the rock and is stored deep underground
Groundwater Flow - Water flows very slowly but horizontally towards the river through groundwater rocks
Interception Storage - Leaves and buildings catch rain as it falls towards the earth and stores the water
Evaporation - Water droplets are heated up and are vaporised, meaning they rise up into the sky
Condensation - As water vapour rises, it cools. When it cools it condenses into a water droplet, stored in a cloud.
Precipitation - When water falls towards the Earth in the form of either rain, snow, hail or sleet
