EoY's Revision Y8 Flashcards
(39 cards)
What is a Cold Environment
An area of land in which is permanently covered with ice. They are full of glaciers and ice sheets with temperatures constanly uder freezing.
Latitude Definition
The further you are away from the equator. This affects how hot are cold a places is (near or far)
Altitude Definition
The higher a point of land is, the colder it will be every 100m up approximately 1°C of heat is lost.
Continentality definition
However far a place is from the sea. The warmer it will be in the summer, but the colder it will be in the winter. If your near the sea, the milder the summers will be and the warmer the winters will get.
Glacial Inputs
Precipitation, Rocks, Snow, Avalanches, Boulders and any other material that may add considerable amounts of weight onto it, even forces, such as gravity
Glacial Processes
The weight of the glacier. This is what helps it to travel through anything in it’s path. A slope and gravity are crucial at this pint, as well as weight.
Glacial Outputs
The main outputs of a glacier at the end are ice, meltwater, sediment and V or U shape valley when it has all melted.
The two zones of a glacier
There are two zones of a Glacier. There is the Accumulation Zone and the Ablation Zone. The Accumulation Zone is the first half of the Glacier where ice, precipitation e.c.t are accumulated. The ablation zone is where all of the outputs are outputted and where the Glacier advances and retreats.
Accumulation>Ablation=Glacier Advances (in winter)
Accumulation
Types of Glacial Erosion
Abrasion
Plucking
Freeze Thaw
Abrasion:
Erodes with a sandpaper affect
Grids sediment across the ground and scrapes larger rocks along
Leaves a smooth shiny rock face behind on the surface
Big Scratches are left on the Valley Floor
Plucking:
Occurs when meltwater freezes in cracks and attaches itself to the rock. Overtime, the rocks are pulled off as the cracks usually end up breaking the piece of rock off. This happens as the glacier is moving.
Freeze Thaw:
When water or rain gets in cracks of bedrock, it will freeze and expand and will make the rocks looser, making it easier to break off.
Occurs down the sides of Glaciers and forms a scree. A scree is when bits and fragments of rock break off the main mountain and onto the glacier.
How are Corries formed?
Snow builds up in a hollow high up on the North Face of a mountain. Sometime later a small glacier will form.
The ice moves under it’s own weight in a circular way called rotational movement.
A small corrie full of ice flows out onto the main valley glacier
The mountain top is weathered by Freeze-Thaw. Persistant freezing and melting breaks sediment off which falls into the ice.
Erosion on the back wall is caused by plucking. Water freezes and pulls off rock. It develops a vertical shaped, jagged appearance.
Rocks that have fallen into the glacier, scrape away the floor with abrasion. A deep bowl shape has been formed.
There is less erosion at the front of the corrie as there is at the back so a lip or rock bar forms. Also moraines are deposited here.
When the ice melts, a small, but very big lake often forms in the hollow called a tarn.
Arêtes and Pyramidal Peaks
Arêtes and Pyramidal Peaks are formed in the following ways:
An Arête is basically a back-to-back Corrie where a ‘knife edged ridge’ is formed. The process is exactly the same as shown in a corrie but they are both just made back-to-back.
Pyramidal Peaks are like Arêtes but there are 3 Corries instead of 2. 3 ‘knife edged ridges’ are formed and a Pyramidal Peak is made at the top.
How are V shaped valleys formed
They are formed by glaciers creating the original valley and then a river eroding it even more to create the V shape.
How are U shaped Valleys formed
U Shaped valley are formed by glaciers when they erode through the landscape and gave melted to leave this U shape.
Evidence Our Climate is Changing
The average global temperature is slowly increasing.
The more CO2 burned, the more the temperature will rise
In 1683, it was so cold that the River Thames was frozen over, how often is that seen now?
Glaciers are melting, meaning sea levels are on the rise and fast
Why is our Climate Changing
Do to CO2 levels rising and the Human Enhanced Greenhouse affect is taking place. We are also digging up too much fossil fuels. The Carbon Cycle has also been overloaded, meaning that a thick layer of CO2 and Greenhouse gasses are found at the Ozone layer.
The Consequences of Climate Change
More heat related deaths Homes being flooded Unpredictable Weather patterns Loss of habitats and endangered species England could be hot enough to grow tropical fruits Greater risk of forest fires Droughts will increase Tourism to grow in England More exotic types of fish to come to the British Coast Worldwide Jet streams will be weakened
How can we make our lives more sustainable?
We can do what BedZED are doing. They are community homes that promote eco-friendly living and to live sustainably. They:
Use 81% less energy, 45% less electricity and 58% less water than average British homes
Have all their buildings insulated with 300mm thick walls
Used 53% of all materials used to build the site were found within 35 miles.
Building are South facing with large triple glazed windows to maximise solar gain and warmth, reducing the amount of heating needed to be used.
Balconies with space to grow plants are provided
Low energy lighting and appliances and grey water harvesting are all also used alongside a ventilation system that uses wind to ventilate rooms in the summer months and hot days.
Solar panels on the roofs of the housing
Green Transport plans are in place with walking and cycling activity being promoted. The sites are built close to bus stops, railways stations and tram links. Instead of everyone having a car for their own, they share out cars by their loaning a car system.
Wind Energy Pros and Cons
Pros:
Clean fuel source
It doesn’t pollute the surroundings or emit greenhouse gasses or CO2.
As a group, they can generate large amounts of electricity.
It is one of the cheapest renewable energy resources after being fully set up.
Can be built far offshore
Cons:
The spoil the views of nice fields and landscapes
Cost of exporting the electricity made by the turbines can be high when they are far offshore
The turbines blades cause an average of 4 bird death per year
Solar Energy Pros and Cons
Pros:
It is a growing industry, meaning more and more jobs to become available
Requires little maintenance once installed and working
No noise is created by the panels when they are working
Cons:
Large Solar farms take up land that could be used for grazing animals or growing crops
Manufacturing the photovoltaic panels can be harmful to the environment as they are made up of toxic metals such as mercury, lead and cadmium along with a non-metal of Silicon
Fragile habitats can easily be destroyed when creating the Solar Farms
Hydro-Electric Power (HEP) Pros and Cons
Pros:
A reliable, consistent source of energy and has very few fluctuations
They can easily be altered to change the patterns of water passing through
The construction of them helps conserving water supplies
Cons:
They are expensive to build
They spoil a beautiful landscape
They can displace farms and small village and replace them with dams and reservoirs
It affects the surrounding wildlife that relies on it
Tidal Energy Pros and Cons
Pros:
It does not produce any greenhouse gasses or CO2
The patterns of the tide are very predictable
They are very affective when the tide is travelling at low speeds
Some places that are designed and some have been built can be used for so many other things and actually look nice (concept of Swansea Lagoon Bay)
Cons:
It can kill fish and other marine animals
It can change the pattern of the waves and other natural practices
It is very close to the land
They are extremely expensive to build and have high running costs
