EOUT Year 9 summer 1

Question 1

What happens at a constructive plate boundary? (4)

Answer 1

A constructive plate boundary occurs when plates move apart. Volcanoes are formed as magma wells up to fill the gap, and eventually new crust is formed.
An example of a constructive plate boundary is the mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Question 2

What happens at a destructive plate boundary? (4) & (3)

Answer 2

There are two types of destructive plate boundaries. They both involve plates colliding.

The first occurs when oceanic and continental plates move together. The oceanic plate is forced under the lighter continental plate. Friction causes melting of the oceanic plate and may trigger earthquakes. Magma rises up through cracks and erupts onto the surface.
An example of a destructive plate boundary is where the Nazca plate is forced under the South American Plate.

The second type forms when two continental plates collide. Neither plate is forced under the other, and so both are forced up and form fold mountains.

Question 3

What happens at a conservative plate boundary? (5)

Answer 3

A conservative plate boundary occurs where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, or in the same direction but at different speeds.
Friction is eventually overcome and the plates slip past in a sudden movement. The shockwaves created produce an earthquake.
This occurs at the San Andreas Fault in California.

Question 4

Primary impacts of a tectonic hazard

Social (5)
Economic (3)
Environmental (5)

Answer 4

Social:
People may be killed or injured. Homes may be destroyed. Transport and communication links may be disrupted. Water pipes may burst and water supplies may be contaminated.

Economic:
Shops and business may be destroyed. Looting may take place. The damage to transport and communication links can make trade difficult.

Environmental:
The built landscape may be destroyed. Fires can spread due to gas pipe explosions. Fires can damage areas of woodland. Landslides may occur. Tsunamis may cause flooding in coastal areas.

Question 5

Secondary impacts of a tectonic hazard

Social (2)
Economic (3)
Environmental (1)

Answer 5

Social:
Disease may spread. People may have to be re-housed, sometimes in refugee camps.

Economic:
The cost of rebuilding a settlement is high. Investment in the area may be focused only on repairing the damage caused by the earthquake. Income could be lost.

Environmental:
Important natural and human landmarks may be lost.

Question 6

Why do people live in areas with tectonic hazards? (5)

Answer 6

T -Tourism
E -Energy (geothermal)
A -Agriculture
M -Minerals/metals

Apathy – People don’t think it will happen and are unwilling to leave – It could be where they grew up

Question 7

Examples of areas that use tectonic hazards to their advantage (4)

Iceland
Kawah Ijen (Indonesia)
Mt St Helens (USA)
Mt Fuji (Japan)

Answer 7

Iceland - Geothermal energy provides hot water for 87% of homes

Kawah Ijen (Indonesia) - Sulpher mining (LIC)

Mt St Helens (USA) - Copper, silver, and gold mining (HIC)

Mt Fuji (Japan)- 100m visitors per year (brings income)

Question 8

L’Aquila case study facts (9)

Answer 8

• 4/6/2009 - 3:30 Local time
• Eurasian and African Plates - Destructive
• 6.3 Richter scale
• 60 miles from Rome
• Cost $15billion
• 300 dead
• 1500 injured
• 70,000 made homeless
• After shocks reaching 5 on the Richter scale

Question 9

Kashmir case study facts (10)

Answer 9

• 8/10/2005
• Eurasian and Indians - Destructive
• 7.6 Richter scale
• Cost $5billion
• 87,000 dead
• 100’s of thousands injured
• 3,000,000 made homeless
• 147 Aftershocks - 28 bigger than original earthquake
• 85% of schools destroyed - 45,000 people didn’t get an education from this
• Saturday is a school day - 18,000 school children died

Question 10

L’Aquila case study responses (6)

Answer 10

• Camps were set up for homeless people.
• Rescue attempt was well organised between the Army, Fire service and ambulances.
• Cranes and diggers used to remove rubble
• international teams helped with rescue effort.
• Government provided money to pay rent. Mortgages, Gas and electricity bills were suspended.
• PM Silvio Berlusconi promised to build a new town. 4,500 new buildings housing 12,000 people had been built by late 2009.

Question 11

Kashmir case study responses (8)

Answer 11

• Help didn’t reach many areas for days or weeks.
• People rescued by hand without equipment or emergency service help.
• Tents, blankets+medical supplies distributed-NOT TO ALL AREAS
• International aid+equipment (helicopters, rescue dogs..) brought in. Also teams of people from other countries.
• 40,000 people relocated to new town from Balakot (was destroyed)
• Government money given to people whose homes destroyed so can rebuild themselves.
• Training provided to help rebuild more earthquake resistant buildings
• New health centres set up in area