Enzymology P1

Question 1

What are the two types of glands in the body?

Answer 1

Endocrine and Exocrine

Question 2

How do endocrine glands release hormones?

Answer 2

Directly into the bloodstream

Question 3

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

Answer 3

Regulate metabolism

Question 4

What is the “master gland” of the endocrine system?

Answer 4

Pituitary gland

Question 5

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Answer 5

Releases hormones that regulate the pituitary gland

Question 6

What are tropic hormones?

Answer 6

Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands

Question 7

What hormone does the hypothalamus release to stimulate the pituitary to produce ACTH?

Answer 7

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 8

What is the primary function of thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)?

Answer 8

Regulate metabolism

Question 9

Which hormone stimulates milk production?

Answer 9

Prolactin

Question 10

Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor?

Answer 10

Oxytocin

Question 11

What type of feedback mechanism is most common in endocrine regulation?

Answer 11

Negative feedback

Question 12

What happens to cortisol levels in response to stress?

Answer 12

They increase due to ACTH stimulation

Question 13

Which hormone is regulated by positive feedback during labor?

Answer 13

Oxytocin

Question 14

What hormone is responsible for water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Answer 14

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)

Question 15

What is the main stimulus for insulin release?

Answer 15

Increased blood glucose levels

Question 16

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

Answer 16

Anterior (Adenohypophysis) and Posterior (Neurohypophysis)

Question 17

Which lobe of the pituitary gland releases ADH and oxytocin?

Answer 17

Posterior pituitary

Question 18

What is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males?

Answer 18

Stimulates sperm production in seminiferous tubules

Question 19

What is the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in females?

Answer 19

Stimulates ovulation and estrogen/progesterone production

Question 20

Which hormone inhibits growth hormone (GH) secretion?

Answer 20

Somatostatin

Question 21

What endocrine disorder is caused by a lack of insulin production?

Answer 21

Diabetes mellitus

Question 22

Which disease is caused by excess cortisol production?

Answer 22

Cushing’s syndrome

Question 23

What condition results from an underactive thyroid gland?

Answer 23

Hypothyroidism

Question 24

What disorder is associated with excessive GH in adults?

Answer 24

Acromegaly

Question 25

Which endocrine disorder results from a deficiency of ADH?

Answer 25

Diabetes insipidus

Question 26

Which adrenal cortex hormone regulates sodium retention?

Answer 26

Aldosterone

Question 27

What is the main glucocorticoid hormone?

Answer 27

Cortisol

Question 28

Which part of the adrenal gland produces catecholamines?

Answer 28

Adrenal medulla

Question 29

Which hormones are classified as catecholamines?

Answer 29

Epinephrine

Question 30

What enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis?

Answer 30

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 31

Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland?

Answer 31

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 32

What mineral is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis?

Answer 32

Iodine

Question 33

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels?

Answer 33

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 34

Which hormone lowers blood calcium levels?

Answer 34

Calcitonin

Question 35

What condition results from iodine deficiency?

Answer 35

Goiter

Question 36

What type of hormones are derived from cholesterol?

Answer 36

Steroid hormones

Question 37

Which hormone class includes insulin and glucagon?

Answer 37

Peptide hormones

Question 38

What are examples of glycoprotein hormones?

Answer 38

TSH

Question 39

Which hormones are classified as biogenic amines?

Answer 39

Epinephrine

Question 40

Which hormone type acts on nearby cells without entering the bloodstream?

Answer 40

Paracrine hormones

Question 41

What test differentiates neurogenic from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 41

Water deprivation test

Question 42

What is the diagnostic marker for pregnancy?

Answer 42

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Question 43

Which hormone is elevated in testicular cancer?

Answer 43

HCG

Question 44

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 44

Graves’ disease

Question 45

Which hormone promotes glycogen breakdown?

Answer 45

Glucagon

Question 46

Which two systems regulate homeostasis?

Answer 46

Nervous and Endocrine systems

Question 47

What is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 47

Norepinephrine

Question 48

What is the neuroendocrine axis controlling the endocrine system?

Answer 48

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis

Question 49

Which neurotransmitter is the precursor for catecholamine synthesis?

Answer 49

Tyrosine

Question 50

Which hormone directly affects the kidney for water reabsorption?

Answer 50

ADH (vasopressin)

Question 51

Which hormone regulates circadian rhythms?

Answer 51

Melatonin

Question 52

What hormone stimulates red blood cell production?

Answer 52

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 53

Which gland is responsible for calcium homeostasis?

Answer 53

Parathyroid gland

Question 54

What hormone is responsible for secondary sexual characteristics in males?

Answer 54

Testosterone

Question 55

Which hormone triggers the fight-or-flight response?

Answer 55

Epinephrine