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ENZYMOLOGY (in Progress…) Flashcards

1
Q

Population with higher ALP

A

Individuals with blood group O and B
They have higher intestinal ALP than blood group A and AB individuals

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2
Q

Major indicator of hepatobilliary disorders

A

ALP

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3
Q

Disease associated with elevated bone ALP

A

Paget’s disease

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4
Q

Most heat stable ALP found in lung, breast, ovarian, and gynecological cancers, and are bone ALP mintigators

A

Regan ALP

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5
Q

Detected in metastatic carcinoma of pleural surfaces and in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and bile duct

A

Nagao ALP

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6
Q

Activators of ALP

A

Mg2 and Mn2

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7
Q

ALP major isoenzymes

A

Liver
Bone
Placental
Intestinal

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8
Q

Most anodal ALP isoenzyme

A

Bone and liver ALP

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9
Q

Most heat stable ALP isoenzyme

A

Placental ALP

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10
Q

Most heat labile ALP isoenzyme

A

Bone

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11
Q

Most specific method for ALP utilizing a continuous-monitoring technique requiring a pH environment of 10.15 and should be 405 nm

A

Bowers and Mc Comb (szasz modification)

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12
Q

Zinc deficiency causes this enzyme to decrease

A

ALP

Zinc is a component of ALP

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13
Q

Diagnostic significance of ALP

A

Hepatobilliary and bone disorders

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14
Q

Highest elevation of ALP is seen in…

A

Paget’s disease

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15
Q

Increased levels seen in healing bone fractures or during periods of bone growth

A

ALP

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16
Q

Major difference of ALP and ACP

A

pH of reaction

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17
Q

Richest source of ACP in the body

A

Prostate

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18
Q

Diagnostic significance of ACP

A

Prostatic carcinoma
Forensic CC (rape cases)
Bone diseases
Platelet damage (ITP)

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19
Q

Used to monitor the success of treatment for prostatic carcinoma

A

PSA

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20
Q

For investigation of rape cases in which levels will be increased for up to 4 days after the incident

A

ACP

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21
Q

ACP activity that indicates the presence of seminal fluid in the sample

A

> 50 IU/L

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22
Q

Present in certain chronic leukemias and some lymphomas, most notably in hairy cell leukemia

A

Tartrate-resistant ACP (TRAP)

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23
Q

Increased in prostatic carcinoma, Gaucher’s disease, Niemann pick’s disease, and breast, liver, and thyroid carcinoma

A

ACP

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24
Q

ACP in bone activity is associated with…

A

Osteoclasts

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25
Q

ACP levels in thrombocytopenia

A

Increased

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26
Q

2 isoenzyme fraction of AST

A

Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial AST

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27
Q

Predominant AST isoenzyme in serum

A

Cytoplasmic AST

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28
Q

In AMI, AST levels begin to rise at…

A

6-8 hours

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29
Q

In AMI, AST levels peak at…

A

24 hours

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30
Q

In AMI, AST levels normalize within…

A

5 days

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31
Q

Old name of AST

A

SGOT or serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase

32
Q

AST levels are highest in what disorder?

A

Hepatocellular disorders

33
Q

Diagnostic significance of AST

A

Hepatocellular disorders
AMI
Skeletal muscle disorders
Pulmonary embolism
Acute pancreatitis

34
Q

First enzyme to increase in AMI

35
Q

Longest enzyme to stay in AMI

36
Q

Old name of ALT

A

SGPT or serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase

37
Q

Coenzyme of ALT

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6)

38
Q

More specific that AST for hepatocellular disorders and remain elevated longer as a result of their longer half-life

39
Q

Not affected by hemolysis

40
Q

Disease causing the highest elevation of transferase

A

Acute hepatitis

41
Q

What is De Ritis ratio?

A

ALT:AST ratio

42
Q

De Ritis ratio in acute hepatitis

43
Q

Catalyzes the breakdown of starch and glycogen

44
Q

Smallest enzyme

45
Q

Earliest pancreatic marker

46
Q

Most predominant pancreatic amylase in acute pancreatitis

A

P3 amylase

47
Q

Major tissue source of amylase

A

Acinar cells of the pancreas and salivary glands

48
Q

Enzyme increased in parotitis due to mumps

49
Q

Increased amylase in blood and increased urinary excretion

A

Acute pancreatitis

50
Q

Increased plasma amylase and decreased urine amylase

A

Renal failure without acute pancreatitis

51
Q

Most specific pancreatic marker

52
Q

Plasma concentrations are normal in conditions of salivary gland involvement

53
Q

Reference method for lipase

A

Cherry crandal

54
Q

Substrate used in Cherry crandal method

A

50% olive oil

55
Q

Most commonly used method for lipase

A

Peroxidase coupling

56
Q

Differentiates amylase elevation as a result of pancreatic versus salivary involvement

57
Q

Catalyzes the interconversion of lactic and pyruvic acid

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

58
Q

Coenzyme of Lactate dehydrogenase

59
Q

Majority of plasma LD comes from…

A

Breakdown of erythrocytes and platelets

60
Q

Highest Lactate dehydrogenase serum levels

A

Pernicious anemia and hemolytic disorders

61
Q

LD1>LD2

A

Flipped pattern is indicative of MI and hemolytic anemia

62
Q

LD cancer markers

A

LD-2, LD-3, LD-4
Predominantly LD-3

63
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase moderately increased in acute viral hepatitis and cirrhosis and markedly increased in hepatic carcinoma and toxic hepatitis

64
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase present in the heart, RBC, renal cortex

65
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase present in the lungs, lymphocytes, spleen, pancreas

66
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase present in the liver, skeletal muscle

67
Q

HHHH LDH

68
Q

HHHM LDH

69
Q

HHMM LDH

70
Q

HMMM LDH

71
Q

MMMM LDH

72
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase that migrates the fastest towards an anode

73
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase that migrates the slowest towards an anode

74
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase most freq seen in pulmonary involvement and in carcinomas

75
Q

Greatest significance in the detction of hepatic disorders (intrahepatic)

76
Q

Seen in patients with arteriosclerotic cardiovascular failure

77
Q

May reflect liver injury secondary to severe circulatory insufficiency

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (4 decks)

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