enzymes, proteins and respiration

Question 1

what are enzymes and what are they made of?

Answer 1

enzymes are biological catalysts and are made up of proteins(amino acid chains)

Question 2

what is a catalyst?

Answer 2

a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction.

Question 3

what is meant by the term substrate?

Answer 3

the larger molecule being broken down by the enzymes

Question 4

what is meant by the terms active site?

Answer 4

the pert that the substrate molecule fits into and attaches to during the reactions

Question 5

what are some roles of proteins?

Answer 5

tissue components
hormones such as insulin
antibodies
catalysts

Question 6

why do they have to be broken down?

Answer 6

because the large molecules cannot dissolve(they are insoluble)
they cannot be absorbed

Question 7

what enzyme breaks down starch?
what is produced when starch is broken down?
where is it produced?
where is it working?

Answer 7

carbohydrase (e.g. amylase)
sugar
Mouth, small intestine and pancreas
mouth and small intestine

Question 8

what enzyme breaks down proteins?
what is produced when protein is broken down?
where is it produced?
where is it working?

Answer 8

protease
amino acids
stomach, pancreas and small intestine
stomach and small intestine

Question 9

what enzyme breaks down lipids (fats and oils)
what is produced when lipids are broken down?
where is it produced?
where is it working?

Answer 9

lipase
fatty acids and glycerol
small intestine and pancreas
small intestine

Question 10

what does it mean by enzymes being substrate specific

Answer 10

only specific types of substrate molecules can fit into the active site of an enzyme

Question 11

what is in the stomach?

Answer 11

hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria

mucus to protect the lining of the stomach from the acid

Question 12

what is bile ?

Answer 12

bile is an emulsifier

Question 13

where is bile stored?

Answer 13

in the gall bladder

Question 14

how does bile emulsify the fats

Answer 14

it breaks them down into smaller molecules then lipase breaks it down into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 15

where is bile produced?

Answer 15

in the liver

Question 16

what are other uses of enzymes(in the industry)

Answer 16

biological detergents
slimming products
sweeteners

Question 17

what does the enzyme isomerase do?

Answer 17

it converts glucose into fructose which is sweeter then glucose but provides less energy

Question 18

how is protease used in the industry?

Answer 18

to break down baby food

Question 19

what are advantages of using enzymes in industry?

Answer 19

processes containing enzymes are cheaper

low temperatures

Question 20

what are the disadvantages of using enzymes in the industry?

Answer 20

denature at high temperatures
expensive to control ( PH ) within narrow limits
expensive to produce enzymes

Question 21

How do enzymes help us diagnose liver failure?

Answer 21

enzymes leave the liver, and go into the bloodstream. Therefore to check symptoms of liver failure doctors give you a blood test.

Question 22

What is respiration?

Answer 22

the process of releasing energy from glucose which goes in every cell.

Question 23

what is the equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 23

glucose+oxygen—>carbon dioxide+water+energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 24

when does aerobic respiration occur?

Answer 24

all the time in plants and animals. ( in the mitochondria )

Question 25

when is respiration needed?

Answer 25

to build up larger molecules from small ones (proteins/amino acids)
In animals to allow the muscles to contract
in mammals and birds to control body temperature
in plants to build sugars and nitrates into amino acids then proteins

Question 26

what does exercise do to your body?

Answer 26

increases your breathing rate making it deeper

increases the heart rate

Question 27

what is glycogen?

Answer 27

stored glucose mainly in liver but each cell contains a small amount often used in anaerobic respiration

Question 28

what is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 28

respiration without oxygen

Question 29

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 29

glucose—->energy+lactic acid

Question 30

why is lactic acid bad?

Answer 30

causes pains in the muscles
muscle fatigue
muscles stop contracting efficiently

Question 31

what is oxygen debt?

Answer 31

amount of oxygen needed to break down the lactic acid that is produced in anaerobic respiration

Question 32

what is the function of the stomach

Answer 32

1. it pummels the food with its muscular walls
2. it produces the protease enzyme, pepsin.
3. it produces hydrochloric acid for two reasons:
   to kill bacteria
   to give the right pH for the pH to work

Question 33

what is the function of the pancreas

Answer 33

it produces protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes.

it releases these into the small intestine

Question 34

what is the function of the small intestine

Answer 34

produces protease, amylase, and lipase emzymes to complete digestion
this is also where the digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system and into the blood

Question 35

what is the function of the large intestine

Answer 35

where excess water is absorbed from the food

Question 36

what two factors affect the enzyme activity

Answer 36

temperature

pH

Question 37

what organ system removes nitrogenous waste(urea) from the body?

Answer 37

excretory system