enzymes, proteins and respiration Flashcards
what are enzymes and what are they made of?
enzymes are biological catalysts and are made up of proteins(amino acid chains)
what is a catalyst?
a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction.
what is meant by the term substrate?
the larger molecule being broken down by the enzymes
what is meant by the terms active site?
the pert that the substrate molecule fits into and attaches to during the reactions
what are some roles of proteins?
tissue components
hormones such as insulin
antibodies
catalysts
why do they have to be broken down?
because the large molecules cannot dissolve(they are insoluble)
they cannot be absorbed
what enzyme breaks down starch?
what is produced when starch is broken down?
where is it produced?
where is it working?
carbohydrase (e.g. amylase)
sugar
Mouth, small intestine and pancreas
mouth and small intestine
what enzyme breaks down proteins?
what is produced when protein is broken down?
where is it produced?
where is it working?
protease
amino acids
stomach, pancreas and small intestine
stomach and small intestine
what enzyme breaks down lipids (fats and oils)
what is produced when lipids are broken down?
where is it produced?
where is it working?
lipase
fatty acids and glycerol
small intestine and pancreas
small intestine
what does it mean by enzymes being substrate specific
only specific types of substrate molecules can fit into the active site of an enzyme
what is in the stomach?
hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria
mucus to protect the lining of the stomach from the acid
what is bile ?
bile is an emulsifier
where is bile stored?
in the gall bladder
how does bile emulsify the fats
it breaks them down into smaller molecules then lipase breaks it down into fatty acids and glycerol
where is bile produced?
in the liver
what are other uses of enzymes(in the industry)
biological detergents
slimming products
sweeteners
what does the enzyme isomerase do?
it converts glucose into fructose which is sweeter then glucose but provides less energy
how is protease used in the industry?
to break down baby food
what are advantages of using enzymes in industry?
processes containing enzymes are cheaper
low temperatures
what are the disadvantages of using enzymes in the industry?
denature at high temperatures
expensive to control ( PH ) within narrow limits
expensive to produce enzymes
How do enzymes help us diagnose liver failure?
enzymes leave the liver, and go into the bloodstream. Therefore to check symptoms of liver failure doctors give you a blood test.
What is respiration?
the process of releasing energy from glucose which goes in every cell.
what is the equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose+oxygen—>carbon dioxide+water+energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
when does aerobic respiration occur?
all the time in plants and animals. ( in the mitochondria )
when is respiration needed?
to build up larger molecules from small ones (proteins/amino acids)
In animals to allow the muscles to contract
in mammals and birds to control body temperature
in plants to build sugars and nitrates into amino acids then proteins
what does exercise do to your body?
increases your breathing rate making it deeper
increases the heart rate
what is glycogen?
stored glucose mainly in liver but each cell contains a small amount often used in anaerobic respiration
what is anaerobic respiration?
respiration without oxygen
what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
glucose—->energy+lactic acid
why is lactic acid bad?
causes pains in the muscles
muscle fatigue
muscles stop contracting efficiently
what is oxygen debt?
amount of oxygen needed to break down the lactic acid that is produced in anaerobic respiration
what is the function of the stomach
- it pummels the food with its muscular walls
- it produces the protease enzyme, pepsin.
- it produces hydrochloric acid for two reasons:
to kill bacteria
to give the right pH for the pH to work
what is the function of the pancreas
it produces protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes.
it releases these into the small intestine
what is the function of the small intestine
produces protease, amylase, and lipase emzymes to complete digestion
this is also where the digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system and into the blood
what is the function of the large intestine
where excess water is absorbed from the food
what two factors affect the enzyme activity
temperature
pH
what organ system removes nitrogenous waste(urea) from the body?
excretory system
