enzymes, proteins and respiration Flashcards
what are enzymes and what are they made of?
enzymes are biological catalysts and are made up of proteins(amino acid chains)
what is a catalyst?
a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction.
what is meant by the term substrate?
the larger molecule being broken down by the enzymes
what is meant by the terms active site?
the pert that the substrate molecule fits into and attaches to during the reactions
what are some roles of proteins?
tissue components
hormones such as insulin
antibodies
catalysts
why do they have to be broken down?
because the large molecules cannot dissolve(they are insoluble)
they cannot be absorbed
what enzyme breaks down starch?
what is produced when starch is broken down?
where is it produced?
where is it working?
carbohydrase (e.g. amylase)
sugar
Mouth, small intestine and pancreas
mouth and small intestine
what enzyme breaks down proteins?
what is produced when protein is broken down?
where is it produced?
where is it working?
protease
amino acids
stomach, pancreas and small intestine
stomach and small intestine
what enzyme breaks down lipids (fats and oils)
what is produced when lipids are broken down?
where is it produced?
where is it working?
lipase
fatty acids and glycerol
small intestine and pancreas
small intestine
what does it mean by enzymes being substrate specific
only specific types of substrate molecules can fit into the active site of an enzyme
what is in the stomach?
hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria
mucus to protect the lining of the stomach from the acid
what is bile ?
bile is an emulsifier
where is bile stored?
in the gall bladder
how does bile emulsify the fats
it breaks them down into smaller molecules then lipase breaks it down into fatty acids and glycerol
where is bile produced?
in the liver
what are other uses of enzymes(in the industry)
biological detergents
slimming products
sweeteners
what does the enzyme isomerase do?
it converts glucose into fructose which is sweeter then glucose but provides less energy
how is protease used in the industry?
to break down baby food
what are advantages of using enzymes in industry?
processes containing enzymes are cheaper
low temperatures
what are the disadvantages of using enzymes in the industry?
denature at high temperatures
expensive to control ( PH ) within narrow limits
expensive to produce enzymes
How do enzymes help us diagnose liver failure?
enzymes leave the liver, and go into the bloodstream. Therefore to check symptoms of liver failure doctors give you a blood test.
What is respiration?
the process of releasing energy from glucose which goes in every cell.
what is the equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose+oxygen—>carbon dioxide+water+energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
when does aerobic respiration occur?
all the time in plants and animals. ( in the mitochondria )
