Enzymes And Gentics

Question 1

How can raising the temperature be a disadvantage during a reaction?

Answer 1

It can speed up the unwanted reactions

Question 2

What is a catalyst?

Answer 2

A substance which increases the speed of the reaction, without being changed or used up

Question 3

What are proteins made up of?

Answer 3

Chains of amino acids

Question 4

What happens if a substance doesn’t match the shape of the enzyme?

Answer 4

The reaction won’t be catalysed

Question 5

What happens to an enzyme if the temperature gets too high?

Answer 5

The bonds holding the enzyme together break. The enzymes special shape is changed so it won’t work anymore. The enzyme becomes denatured

Question 6

At what temperature are enzymes most active in the body?

Answer 6

37°C

Question 7

How does the PH affect enzymes?

Answer 7

If the PH is too high or too low, it interfered with the bonds holding the enzyme together. This changes the shape and denatures them

Question 8

What does amylase do and where is it made?

Answer 8

It converts starch into sugars

It is made in the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

Question 9

What does protease do and where is it made?

Answer 9

Converts proteins into amino acids
Made in the stomach (pepsin)
Pancreas
Small intestine

Question 10

What does lipase do and where is it produced?

Answer 10

Coverts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

Made in the pancreas and small intestine

Question 11

What does bile do? Where is it produced and stored?

Answer 11

Bile neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fats. It is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder before it’s released into the small intestine

Question 12

What does ‘emulsifies the fats’ mean?

Answer 12

Breaks down fat into tiny droplets, which gives a bigger surface area of fat for the enzym lipase to work on

Question 13

Where are enzymes used in the digestive system produced ?

Answer 13

In glands and in the gut lining

Question 14

What do the salivary glands produce?

Answer 14

Amylase enzyme in the saliva

Question 15

What enzyme does the stomach produce ?

Answer 15

Protease (pepsin)

-NOTE: the stomach produces HCl to kill bacteria in the stomach and to give the right PH for the protease enzyme to work

Question 16

What enzymes does the pancreas produce ?

Answer 16

Protease, amylase and lipase

Question 17

What enzymes does the small intestine produce?

Answer 17

Protease, lipase and amylase

Question 18

What is respiration?

Answer 18

The process of releasing energy from glucose, which goes on in every cell

Question 19

What respires?

Answer 19

All living things

Question 20

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 20

Respiration using oxygen. It’s the most efficient way to release energy from glucose.

Question 21

When does aerobic respiration occur? Where?

Answer 21

All the time. Most of the reactions happen inside the mitochondria

Question 22

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 22

Glucose+oxygen = carbon dioxide+water + ENERGY

Question 23

What is the energy released by respiration used for?

Answer 23

1. To build up larger molecules from smaller ones
2. In animals, to allow muscles to contract
3. In mammals and birds the energy is used to keep their body temperature steady
4. In plants to build sugars nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids which are then build up into proteins

Question 24

what is cyanide?

Answer 24

A toxin that stops respiration by stopping enzymes involved in the process from working

Question 25

Why does exercise increase the heart rate?

Answer 25

An increase in muscle activity requires more glucose and oxygen to be supplied to muscle cells, extra CO2 needs to be removed from the muscle cells, therefore blood has to flow at a faster rate. This makes you breathe more deeply (increase breathing rate) in order to meet the demand for extra oxygen, therefore increasing the speed at which the heart pumps

Question 26

How is glycogen used during exercise?

Answer 26

Some glucose from food is stored as glycogen. Each muscle has its own store of glycogen and during vigorous exercise muscles use the glycogen rapidly, so some of the stored glycogen is converted back into glucose to provide more energy

Question 27

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 27

It is used if there is not enough oxygen. It’s the incomplete breakdown of glucose, which produces lactic acid

Question 28

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 28

Glucose = energy + lactic acid

Question 29

What are the downsides of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 29

It causes muscle fatigue, can be painful

It does not release as much energy as aerobic respiration

Question 30

What is an oxygen debt?

Answer 30

The amount of oxygen needed to oxidise lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water

Question 31

How is lactic acid oxidised?

Answer 31

Deep breathing occurs to get more oxygen into the blood. The blood flows through your muscles to remove the lactic acid by oxidising it into CO2 and water

Question 32

How are enzymes used as biological detergents?

Answer 32

Because the enzymes can break down animal and plant matter, they’re ideal for removed stains like food or blood

Question 33

When are biological detergents more effective?

Answer 33

When working at low temperatures (e.g) 30°C

Question 34

How are enzymes used to change foods?

Answer 34

The proteins in some baby foods are pre digested using proteases so they’re easier for the baby to digest
Carbohydrases can be used to then starch syrup into sugar syrup
Glucose syrup can be turned into fructose syrup using isomerase enzymes. Fructose is sweeter so you can use less of it (good for slimming products)

Question 35

What are the advantages of using enzymes in the industry ?

Answer 35

• They’re specific so only catalyse the reaction you want them to
• Using lower temperatures and pressures means a lower cost as it saves energy
• enzymes work for a long time, so after the initial cost of buying them you can continuously use them
• they are biodegradable and therefore cause less environmental pollution

Question 36

What are the disadvantages of using enzymes in the industry?

Answer 36

• some people can develop allergies to the enzymes
• enzymes can be denatured by even a small increase of temperature. They’re also susceptible to poisons and changes in PH which means the conditions in which they work must be tightly controlled
• enzymes can be expensive to produce
• contamination of the enzyme with other substances can effect the reaction