Enzymes and energy Flashcards
What is an enzyme and what is it made of?
Enzymes are catalysts made from proteins that speed up biological reactions and lower the activation point
Give an example of an enzyme reaction, how does pepsin work?
Pepsin is the enzyme which breaks down a protein into shorter chain proteins which can be more easily absorbed into the blood stream.
What pH do enzymes like?
Neutral, except pepsin which is the active form of pepsinogen after being activated by HCl in pH2 in the stomach
Name 2 cofactors for enzymes
Zinc for alcohol dehydrogenase
Selenium for Glutathione Peroxidase
Name 7 digestive enzymes
Salivary amylase in mouth breaking down carbs
Gastric lipase in stomach breaking down fats
Pepsin in stomach breaking down proteins
Pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase and pancreatic proteeases (trypsin and chylotrypsin)
Brush border enzymes (sucrase, maltase and lactase)
Name 6 foods containing enzymes and their enzymes
Pineapple contains bromelain and papaya (papainin) and kiwi which are proteases which break down proteins - good to eat after protein rich meals. Sprouts contain 100x enzymes than veg. Avocado contains lipase and garlic has aliinase which is anti-microbial, antioxidant and cardio-protective
What drugs can decrease the rate of enzyme action?
Antibiotics can inactivate enzymes
Statins inhibit HMG-Co2 rductase which is used to make cholesterol and CoQ10
What is enzyme therapy and which enzymes are commonly used?
Large doses of enzymes that reach the blood stream.
Bromelain is anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-clogging (has positive effects on athroschlerotic plaques)
Serrapeptase reduces inflammation and aids fluid drainage, improves CV, reduces swelling and alleviates pain
What is the full name for ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
Which mineral is required to produce ATP?
Magnesium - low energy could be low magnesium
What are the functions of ATP?
Capture energy from oxidation
fuel movement
drive body reactions
cell division
Which group of Vitamins are the energy carriers?
B Vitamins:
NAD from B3 (niacin)
FAD from B2 (riboflavin)
How are carbs used for energy?
They are broken down by digestion into glucose and oxidised into ATP
Describe the 4 step process of turning carbs into energy with the co-factors
- Glycolysis - requires MG and B3
- Forms Acetyl CoA - requires Vit B1, Lipoic acid and B5
- Krebs Cycle - Mg, Mn, Iron, B1,B2,B3
Electron transport - 4 enzymes;
Complex 1 - iron and sulphur
Complex 2 - CoQ10
Complex 3 - Iron
Complex 4 - Copper
How can you support the mitochrondria?
Reduce toxins
Eat plenty of cofactors
incrase production of glutathione and peroxidase (sulphur and selenium) and CoQ10
support liver detox
Which herbs can help support mitochondria?
Rosemary, ginseng, astragulas, turmeric, dandelion and burdock
Describe the process of getting energy from fat
Lipase split triglycerides from adipose tissue into fatty acids and glycerol. L-Carnitine transports fatty acids to the liver and beta oxidation converts to Acetyl Co2 and enters the Krebs cycle. Needs Mg, B1, B2, B3, B5 and sulphur
Where does the brain get energy from when there is insufficient glucose?
Ketone bodies as these can cross the blood brain barrier. These can be formed from fat or protein.
What is the name of the production of ketones?
Ketogenesis
What is ketosis?
Body state caused by high fat / low carb diet. Good for epilepsy control, enhance mitochrodrial function and neurological diseases Parkinsons and Alzheimers
Which diet encourages ketosis?
Fasting - intermittent, veg juice and water
How can we get energy from protein?
Getting energy from chia seeds, quinoa involves the carbon element being broken down to generate ATP or glucogenesis. Not very efficient form of energy and requires Biotin from nuts. seeds, sweet potato, mushroooms, banana
What percentage of energy should we get from carbs, fats and energy?
Carbs 47%
Fat 38%
Protein 15%
