Enzymes Flashcards
What are enzymes?
Protein catalysts that speed up reactions
What are the benefits of enzymes in reactions?
- more specific reactions (less side products)
- milder reaction conditions
- higher reaction rates (efficient)
- better regulated biological pathways
What is a lock and key fit?
How enzymes bind to specific substrates to function (like a lock and a key)
What are cofactors?
Factors that help enzymes function
What is another name for organic cofactors?
Coenzymes
When things (like cofactors) bind to the inactive site they interact with whichever _____ binds to the ____ site
substrate/active
When a cofactor is bound to a protein is is called a _____, when it is with a cofactor the protein gets the prefix ____- and when it is without it gets the prefix ____-
prosthetic group/holo/apo
What are the six classifications of enzymes?
Oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lysases, isomerases, and ligases
What are oxidoreductases?
Enzymes that catalyze electron transfer
What are transferases?
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a group of atoms
What are hydrolases?
Enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis
What are lyases?
Enzymes that catalyze elimination reactions, usually resulting in a double bond or ring
What are isomerases?
Enzymes that catalyze the formation of isomers
What are ligases?
Enzymes that catalyze bond formation via condensation reactions, usually coupled with a hydrolysis reaction
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
By lowering activation energy
How do enzymes lower activation energy?
By organizing reactive groups into close proximity and proper orientation
Catalytic mechanisms: ____-____ (gives and takes protons), _____ (changes reaction pathways), and ____ ___ (used REDOX cofactors and pKa shifters)
acid/base/covalent/metal ion
What is the mechanism of chymotrypsin?
Chymotrypsin is a protease, it cleaved the carbonyl side of certain peptide bonds by acid-base catalysis and covalent catalysis
This happens in two main steps: acylation (when -OH binds to the substrate) and deacylation (using a water molecule)
