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Biology - Chapter 4 > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction but does not get used up/changed/altered

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2
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein molecule made by cells and acts as a catalyst

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3
Q

How are enzymes made?

A

By protein Synthesis

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4
Q

What are intracellular enzymes?

A

Only work inside of cells

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5
Q

What are extracellular enzymes?

A

Only work outside of cells (either in environment or in lumen)

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6
Q

What is specificity?

A

The relationship between an enzyme and the only type of molecule that fits into its active site

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7
Q

What are active sites made of?

A

A few amino acids within a polypeptide

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8
Q

What two things do eynzymes catalyse?

A

The breakdown and buildup of biological molecules

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9
Q

What three things can you infer from the name of an enzyme?

A

First part is the substrate, second is the reaction, and should end in ‘ase’

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10
Q

What do we know about carbohydrase?

A

The substrate is carbohydrates, the reaction is hydrolysis, and it is an enzyme (its a hydrolase enzyme - catalyses hydrolysis)

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11
Q

If an enzyme is less specific?

A

Can catalyse a number of reactions of the same type

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12
Q

How specific is subtilisin - breaks peptide bonds between any AA?

A

Not very

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13
Q

How specific are trypsin and chymotrypsin?

A

Quite, only breaks bonds between certain AA, chymotrypsin (more specific)

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14
Q

What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

A

Complex formed when a substrate fits into an enzymes active site

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15
Q

Lock and key hypothesis?

A

Active site is complementary in shape to the substrate like a lock (enzyme) and key (substrate)

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16
Q

Enzyme-product complex?

A

Complex formed in the active site after the reaction is complete but before product(s) leaves

17
Q

Induced-fit hypothesis?

A

Active site of an enzyme changes shape during binding of a substrate molecule, putting a strain on the substrate molecule and contributing to the reaction

18
Q

Activation energy?

A

Energy needed to overcome the energy barrier to allow a reaction to occur

19
Q

How do enzymes effect the activation energy of a reaction?

A

Provide alternative pathway with a lower activation energy

20
Q

Model of activation energy?

A

Energy barrier is the hump at the top of a hill, AE is the energy needed to push a ball over the hump (EB) and down the hill (the reaction), with an enzyme the energy barrier and energy needed is decreased (smaller hump) m

21
Q

Investigating enzyme activity for milk protein solution with protease?

A

10cm3 of milk solution to tube 1, 10cm3 of protease to test tube 2, put both in 25 degrees water bath for 5 mins, mix together the two tubes, time how long it takes for cloudiness to disappear

22
Q

Rate of reaction?

A

1/time taken for substrate to disappear or product to to appear

23
Q

Why put enzyme and substrate both in bath separate?

A

To equilibrate them

24
Q

Optimum temp?

A

Temp when ROR is at max and a decrease or increase in temp will decrease the ROR

25
Q

Increase in temp?

A

Increase KE of molecules, mols move faster, chance of collisions is higher, more successful collisions occur = more product formed

26
Q

How do enzymes denature?

A

Molecules vibrate, increased KE and vibration strains the enzyme and weakens hydrogen and ionic bonds which hold the tertiary structure, once tertiary structure alters = active site is not complementary

27
Q

Temp coefficient?

A

Ratio between the ROR of two different temps for the same reaction (ROR at x + 10 degrees/ROR at x degrees =Q10)

28
Q

What is ph?

A

Concentration of H+ ions in a solution (A decrease of 1 PH is a x10 difference in H+ ions)

29
Q

How does ph effect enzymes?

A

Due to the active sites hydrogen bonds, a big change in H+ ions will break some of the AS bonds, enzyme can lose shape and get denatured also far away from neutral

30
Q

How does ph differ from temperature when denaturing enzymes?

A

Reversible

31
Q

When might PH cause a permanent denature?

A

When at extreme PH

32
Q

How does low substrate concentration effect ROR?

A

Few substrate molecules, fewer collisions, fewer enzyme substrate complex’ formed

33
Q

How does high enzyme concentration effect the ROR?

A

More AS’ available for substrates to fit in, more enzyme-substrate complexes form,

34
Q

What is an issue with increasing substrate or enzyme concentration?

A

At some point there will be a limiting factor (whichever is not being increased) where there is not enough of the other reactant to collide with, or it is at its max ROR at that temp/ph

Biology - Chapter 4 (2 decks)

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