Enzymes Flashcards
How can you make the reaction quicker
Raising the temperature
Enzymes reduce the need for
High temperatures
What is a catalyst
A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction
What are enzymes made up of
Chains of amino acids folded up into unique shapes
What do proteins act as
Catalysts
Structural components of tissue
Hormones
Antibodies
What does an enzyme need to work
A unique shape that fits onto the one substance
What happens if the enzyme doesn’t fit
The reaction won’t be catalysed
What happens of the temperature is too hot
The bonds break it becomes denatured and doesn’t work
What do enzymes in the body work best at
37 degrees
What happens if the pH is too high or low
Changes the shape and denatures the enzyme
What pH do enzymes work best at
pH of 7
What is pepsin used for
To break down proteins in the stomach
What do digestive enzymes do
They break down big molecules into smaller ones
What are big molecules
Starch, proteins and fats
They are too big to pass through the walls of the digestive system
What does Amylase do
Converts starch into sugars
Where is amylase made
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine
What does protease do
Converts proteins into amino acids
Where is protease made
The stomach (pepsin) The pancreas The small intestine
What does lipase do
Converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
Where is lipase made
The pancreas
The small intestine
What does bile do
Neutralises the stomach acid
Emulsifies fats
Where is bile produced
The liver
Where is bile stored
In the gall bladder before its release into the small intestine
What does hydrochloride acid do
Makes the pH too acidic for enzymes in the small intestine
Where are enzymes in the digestive system produced
By specialised cells in glands in the gut lining
Salivary glands
Produce amylase enzyme in the saliva
Stomach
- Pummels food with muscular walls
- Produces protease, enzyme and pepsin
- Produces hydrochloride acid to kill bacteria and give the right pH for enzymes to work
Liver
Bile is produced
Bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsified fats
Pancreas
Produces protease, amylase an lipase enzymes
Releases these into the small intestine
Gall bladder
Where bile is stored before release into the small intestine
Small intestine
Produces protease, amylase an lipase enzymes to compete digestion
Where food is absorbed into blood
Large intestine
Where excess water is absorbed from the food
Rectum
Where faeces are stored before they bid you farewell through the anus
Where enzymes are biological detergents
Protein - digesting
protease) and fat digesting (lipase
What temperature do biological detergents work best at
30 degrees
What enzymes are used in baby foods
Protease
Protein digesting enzymes
Carbohydrate digesting enzymes
Carboghydrases
Used to turn starch syrup into sugar syrup
Why are enzymes useful in the industry
They speed up reactions without the need for high temperatures and pressures
Advantages of enzymes in industry
- Specific - catalyse the reaction they want you too
- Lower temperature and pressure means a lower cost & Sara energy
- Work for a long time - after buying them you can continually use them
- Biodegradable - less environmental pollution
Disadvantages of enzymes in industry
- Allergies
- Denatured by a small increase in temperature
- Susceptible to poisons
- Expensive to produce
- Contamination of enzyme with other substances
