Enzymes Flashcards
Enzymes act by binding to reacting molecules called ___ to form enzyme-____
Substrate
Enzymes
Are biocatalysts
They accelerate metabolic reactions
Enzymes lower activation energy
This complex stresses or distorts chemical bonds to form a _____ in which substrate becomes more reactive and the metabolic reaction accelerates
Transition state
Energy of activation
The energy needed to form the transition state
Is lowered by the enzyme
The site of attachment and the surrounding parts of the enzyme that stress the substrates bonds constitute the enzymes
Active site
The reaction is complete when the ___ forms and the enzyme is released in its original condition. The enzyme then repeats the process with other molecules of substrate
Product
Proteins made of long chains of amino acids that form complex shapes
Enzymes
Denture
Any structural change in an enzyme may denature or destroy its effectiveness by altering the active site and slowing down reaction
Denaturing is a result of
Extreme temperature, extreme pH, or any environmental condition that alters protein structure
The range of values for environmental factors such as temperature and pH within which an enzyme functions best
Optimal conditions
The effects on temperature on enzyme activity can be investigated with
Catechol oxidase
A plant enzyme that converts Catechol to benzoquinone
As pH is lowered
Side groups gain H+ ions
As pH is raised
Side groups lose H+ ions
Catalase
Effects of pH can be investigated with catalase, enzyme in plants and animals that speeds the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, toxic to cells
Peroxidase
Enzyme in plants(turnips) and some bacteria that convert toxic hydrogen peroxide to H2O and O2
Peroxidase is a large protein with a reactive iron atom at its active site
In a reaction similar to catalase
