Enzymes Flashcards by Arshia Taher

What are enzymes?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of a reaction without its activation energy being used up.

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What are two types of enzymes?

Two types of enzymes are catabolic and anabolic.

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What are anabolic enzymes?

Anabolic enzymes involve building up large organic compunds from simpler molecules.

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So, what is anabolic enzymes?

Simpler organism to more complex.

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What are catabolic enzymes?

Catabolic enzymes are involve breaking down complex organisms to simpler ones

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So, what are catabolic enzymes?

Complex organisms to simpler organisms.

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What are three types of enzymes?

Amalayse, Typsin, Pepsin

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What is starch and/or carbohydrate broken inot?

Glucose

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What is protien broken down into?

Protein is broken down into amino acids

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What are fats and lipids broken into?

Fats and lipids are broken into fatty acids, glycerol.

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What enzyme is in the stomach?

Pepsin is in the stomach

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What enzyme is in the mouth?

Amalyase is in the mouth.

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What enzyme is in the small intesitne?

Typsin is in the small intestine.

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What are enzymes?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of a reaction but remian unchanged at the end.

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How can enzymes catalyse reactions?

They can either direction-building or break down products.

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What is the direction in which an enzyme acts determined by?

This direction is determined by the concentration of substrates and products.

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What is required for an enzyme to catalyse a particular reaction?

Substrates must be continually supplied and products continually removed.

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What is the chemical composition of enzymes?

The chemical composition of enzymes is that:
1. Enzymes are made of proteins.
2. Proteins consist of one or more polypeptide chains.
3. Composed of long chains of amino acids joined togetehr by peptide bonds.

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What do proteins consist of?

Proteins consist of one or more polypeptide chains.

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What are polypeptide chains consisted of?

Polypeptide chains are consisted of long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

What are the parts of an enzyme?

An enzyme has an active site.

What is the structure of enzymes?

The strcuture of enzymes: popypeptide chains is folded into a 3D globular shape.

What are substrates?

Substrates are molecules that the enzymes act on.

What does the active site do?

The active site binds to the substrate.

What does the induced fit theory entail?

The induced fit theory entails that the enzyme itself alters its shape slightly as they enter the active site, making it more exact.

What model do we use when describing enzymes?

Induced- Fit Theory

What do some enzymes have? other than active site.

Enzymes also have cofactors.

What are cofactors?

Cofactors are a non-protein group that binds with the protein part of the enzyme and helps form the active site.

What helps form the active site in an enzyme?

Cofactors

What are some examples of cofactors?

Examples of cofactors are vitamins and metal ions.

What happens if there were no cofactors in an enzyme?

If they were no cofactors in an enzyme, there would not be a formation of the active site, thus making the enzyme useless during a reaction.

What is a characteristic of an enzyme ?

Enzymes are highly specific. They act on one subtrate only. Enzymes are also highly efficient - work rapidly, having a high rate of reaction. Highly effective - can be reused and only small amount is needed.

Why do enzymes act on one subtrate or specific subtrate only?

They act on specific subtrates due to the shape of the active site that matches with the shape of substance material.

What does the subtrate do?

The substrate binds to the active site and a chemical reaction occurs.

What are the molecuels that the enzymes act upon called?

The molecules that the enzyme act upon are called substrate.

What are the products from the enzyme ?

The products from the enzyme are the substances that the subtrate becomes.

In what ways, can the function of an enzyme be affected?

The function of an enzyme can be affected by temeprature and pH.

How does temperature affect enzyme function ?

Temperature affects enzyme function through the protein structure of the enzyme, and kinetic energy increased.

What happens when temperature increases within a reaction?

If temeprature increases, the enzyme activity also increases, up to the OPTIMAL temperature.

How is this increasing temeprature related towards enzymes?

The enzymes are subtrate molecules are moving at a faster rate - thus colliding more.

What happens at high temperatures?

The shape of the enzyme changes and activity decreases.

What happens at VERY high temperatures?

The enzyme will denature. The chemical bonds (hydrogen bonds) holding the protein molecule together are BROKEN and the shape is permanently changed.

What happens when the shape of an enzyme is permanently changed?

If the shape of an enzyme is permamantely changed through denaturing, the enzyme is destroyed and can no longer accomodate the subtrate, and willl remain inactive.

Where do enzyms function best? in terms of pH.

Enzymes function best ina strong acidic environment. However, extremes of acidity or alkalinity can affect the bonds of the enzymes. -- denaturing the enzyme.

What is the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction affected by?

The rate of an enzyme controlled reaction is affected by the concentration of the substrate.

What will an increase in subtrate concentration do?

An increase in subtrate concentration will increase the reaction until all enzyme active sites are occupied.

What is the saturation point?

The saturation point occurs when an increase in subtrate concentration will increase the reaction until all enzyme active sites are occupied.

What happens during the saturation point?

All reactions will occur at a maximum rate.