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Biokemi > Enzymer > Flashcards

Enzymer Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

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2
Q

True or False: Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.

A

False

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3
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

The active site is the region on the enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes lower the _____ of a chemical reaction.

A

activation energy

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5
Q

What is enzyme kinetics?

A

Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

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6
Q

What is the Michaelis-Menten equation used for?

A

The Michaelis-Menten equation is used to describe the rate of enzymatic reactions with a single substrate.

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7
Q

Define Vmax in enzyme kinetics.

A

Vmax is the maximum rate of an enzymatic reaction when the enzyme is saturated with substrate.

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8
Q

What does Km represent in enzyme kinetics?

A

Km is the Michaelis constant, which represents the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of Vmax.

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9
Q

True or False: A lower Km value indicates a higher affinity between the enzyme and the substrate.

A

True

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10
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A

A competitive inhibitor is a substance that competes with the substrate for binding to the active site of the enzyme.

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11
Q

How does a non-competitive inhibitor affect enzyme activity?

A

A non-competitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, reducing the overall number of active enzymes.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzymes are typically proteins, but some are made of _____.

A

RNA

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13
Q

What role do cofactors play in enzymatic reactions?

A

Cofactors are non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.

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14
Q

What is allosteric regulation?

A

Allosteric regulation is the process by which the binding of a molecule to a site other than the active site affects enzyme activity.

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15
Q

True or False: Enzymes can function at any temperature.

A

False

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16
Q

What effect does temperature have on enzyme activity?

A

Enzyme activity typically increases with temperature up to a certain point, after which it decreases due to denaturation.

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17
Q

What is enzyme denaturation?

A

Enzyme denaturation is the process where the enzyme loses its three-dimensional structure and, consequently, its activity.

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18
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A substrate is a reactant molecule upon which an enzyme acts.

19
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ model describes the specific interaction between an enzyme and its substrate.

A

lock and key

20
Q

What is the difference between a reversible and irreversible inhibitor?

A

Reversible inhibitors can bind and unbind from the enzyme, while irreversible inhibitors permanently deactivate the enzyme.

21
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

Feedback inhibition is a regulatory mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme involved in its synthesis.

22
Q

True or False: Enzymes can catalyze reactions in both directions.

A

True

23
Q

What is the role of enzyme specificity?

A

Enzyme specificity refers to the ability of an enzyme to select for a particular substrate among a group of similar molecules.

24
Q

What are zymogens?

A

Zymogens are inactive enzyme precursors that require a biochemical change to become active.

25
Q

Fill in the blank: Enzyme activity can be affected by changes in _____ and _____ levels.

A

pH, substrate

26
Q

How do enzyme inhibitors affect the rate of reaction?

A

Enzyme inhibitors decrease the rate of reaction by preventing the substrate from binding to the enzyme or by reducing the enzyme’s activity.

27
Q

What is the significance of the catalytic efficiency of an enzyme?

A

Catalytic efficiency reflects how effectively an enzyme converts substrate into product and is often represented by the ratio of kcat/Km.

28
Q

True or False: Enzymes are highly specific and can catalyze multiple reactions.

A

False

29
Q

What is the role of prosthetic groups in enzymes?

A

Prosthetic groups are tightly bound non-polypeptide units that assist in enzyme function.

30
Q

Define the term ‘enzyme turnover number’ (kcat).

A

kcat is the number of substrate molecules converted to product by an enzyme in a given time when the enzyme is fully saturated.

31
Q

What is the effect of increasing substrate concentration on enzyme activity?

A

Increasing substrate concentration increases enzyme activity until the enzyme becomes saturated.

32
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ hypothesis describes the dynamic interaction between an enzyme and its substrate.

A

induced fit

33
Q

What is the role of enzyme inhibitors in drug design?

A

Enzyme inhibitors can be designed as drugs to target specific enzymes involved in disease processes.

34
Q

True or False: Enzymes can function in extreme conditions, such as high temperatures and acidic pH.

A

True

35
Q

What is the importance of enzyme regulation?

A

Enzyme regulation is important for maintaining metabolic balance and responding to changes in cellular conditions.

36
Q

What are the two main types of enzyme kinetics?

A

The two main types of enzyme kinetics are zero-order and first-order kinetics.

37
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ effect refers to the phenomenon where the binding of one substrate molecule increases the binding affinity of additional substrate molecules.

A

cooperativity

38
Q

What is the role of temperature in enzyme reactions?

A

Temperature affects the kinetic energy of molecules, which influences the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

39
Q

What are enzyme assays used for?

A

Enzyme assays are laboratory methods used to measure enzyme activity and kinetics.

40
Q

Define ‘enzyme specificity.’

A

Enzyme specificity is the ability of an enzyme to preferentially catalyze a specific reaction for a particular substrate.

41
Q

What is an enzyme’s turnover number (kcat)?

A

kcat is the maximum number of substrate molecules that one enzyme molecule converts to product per unit time under saturating substrate conditions.

42
Q

True or False: Enzymes are only found in living organisms.

A

False

43
Q

What is the primary function of enzymes in biological systems?

A

The primary function of enzymes is to catalyze biochemical reactions, thereby facilitating metabolic processes.

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