Enzyme Activity in Cells

Question 1

What are Enzymes?

Answer 1

• are biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions in living organisms

Question 2

How is enzymes Used in Many Different Industries

Answer 2

Dairy industry- enzymes help with the production of cheese and add flavour

Detergent industry- enzymes are used to break down stains on clothing

Brewing and wine industry- enzvmes are used to make beer and wine

Question 3

Examples of Industrial Uses of Enzymes

Answer 3

• Rennin for coagulation of milk to make cheese
• Cellulase and amylase to remove waxes, oils, and starch coatings on fabrics and to improve the look of the final product
• Lipases in fruit juices to break down cell walls for increased yield

Question 4

Describe fully How Enzymes Work

Answer 4

1. Enzymes have specific shape called the active site, where only the substrate it was made to breakdown will fit.
2. When a food substrate molecule collides with a molecule of the right enzyme, it fits into the active site where a reaction takes place to produce a molecule of product.
3. The products then leave the active site, freeing it for another molecule of substrate.
4. The active site fits the substrate like a “lock and key.” In this model an enzyme’s active site is a specific shape and only the substrate will fit into it, like a lock and key. The enzyme is the lock, and the reactant is the key.

Question 5

What is a Substrate?

Answer 5

Substrate- molecule(s) that an enzyme works on.

Question 6

What is a Active site

Answer 6

Active site- depressed area where the chemical reaction takes place (where substrate meets enzyme)

Question 7

What is a Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Answer 7

Enzyme-Substrate Complex- substrate temporarily binds to active site (held in by hydrogen or ionic bonds)

Question 8

What is a Product

Answer 8

Product- end result of the chemical reaction

Question 9

What are the Properties of Enzymes

Answer 9

• They are proteins
• They are substrate specific.
• • Each enzyme is manufactured to breakdown only one kind of substrate.
• They can be recycled or reused.
• After a substrate has been broken down the enzyme can be used again when the substrate is again introduced to the body.
• They are sensitive to temperature.
• They are sensitive to pH.
• Each enzyme works best at an optimum pH.
• Changes in pH can alter the shape of the protein and therefore the active site rendering it handicapped or completely unstable.

Question 10

Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzyme Activity

Answer 10

• Enzyme Concentration
• Substrate concentration
• Temperature
• pH Levels

Question 11

How does Temperature affect Enzyme activity?

Answer 11

• The optimum temperature for human enzymes is 98.60 F (370 C). Above 550 enzymes are denatured.
• • A decrease in temperature decreases the rate of reaction, while an increase in temperature increases the rate.
• Enzymes will also become denatured and not work properly at cold temperatures.

Question 12

How does pH affect Enzyme activity?

Answer 12

pH

• Most enzymes work best at a neutral pH

(7) but, some enzymes prefer acidic (1-6) or alkaline (8-14) conditions

• Enzymes in different locations of the body have different optimum pH values since their environmental conditions may be different.
• Small changes in pH above or below the optimum do not cause a permanent change to the enzyme, since the bonds can be reformed.
• Extreme changes in pH can cause enzymes to denature and permanently lose their function

Question 13

How does Enzyme Concentration affect Enzyme activity?

Answer 13

Enzyme Concentration

The more enzyme molecules in solution, the more likely a substrate molecule is to collide and bind to an available active site and form an enzyme-substrate complex.

Increasing enzyme concentration increases the rate of reaction
If the amount of substrate is limited, an increase in enzyme concentration eventually has no further effect- the rate of reaction no longer increases, and the carve flattens out.

Question 14

Explain rate of reaction

Answer 14

• Rate of Reaction refers to the amount of substrate changed (or amount of product formed) in a given period of time
• Enzyme activity is how fast an enzyme is working.
• All enzymes work best at a particular temperature and pH.
• This is called optimum which refers to the conditions most suitable for a favourable outcome.

Question 15

What happens if temperature or ph changes

Answer 15

• This affects the shape of the active site, resulting in the rate of reaction slowing resulting in the rate of reaction slowing down and eventually stopping
• When this happens, the enzyme is denatured (the active site of the enzyme becomes permanently deformed) and cannot be used again.