enzyme action

Question 1

what are the two types of enzymes

Answer 1

-intracellular enzymes and extracellular enzymes

Question 2

what is the difference between intracellular enzymes and extracellular enzymes

Answer 2

-intracellular enzymes function within a cell, where they are produced ,

whereas

extracellular enzymes function to of the cells they are produced in

Question 2

example of an intracellular enzyme

Answer 2

catalase

Question 3

example of extracellular enzymes

Answer 3

amylase and trypsin

Question 4

role of catalase

Answer 4

it catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into harmless water and oxygen inside cells

Question 5

which cells have catalase enzyme

Answer 5

both animal and plant cells

Question 6

what is hydrogen peroxide and why is it harmful to cells

Answer 6

its a by produc t of metabolism and if left to accumulate it damages cells

Question 6

what roles do extracellular enzymes often have

Answer 6

often have digestive roles,they break down large macromolecules/polymers into smaller molecules which can easily be absorbed by cells through their cell surface membrane

Question 7

describe the role of amylase

Answer 7

it catalyses the partial breakdown of starch into maltose in the mouth,within the saliva

Question 7

describe the digestion of starch

Answer 7

-starch is partially broken down into maltose in t he mouth by amylase,amylase is acting as a catalyst
then the maltose is further broken down into small glucose molecules by the enzyme maltase

the glucose molecules are small enough to be absorbed by cels lining the digestive system

then absorbed into the bloodstream

Question 7

where is amylase produced

Answer 7

in the pancreas and salivary glands

Question 8

where is amylase active

Answer 8

in the mouth,within saliva
and in the intestine in pancreatic juice

Question 9

give me an example of a protease

Answer 9

trypsin

Question 9

what is the name of enzymes which break down proteins

Answer 9

proteases

Question 10

where is trypsin produced

Answer 10

in the pancreas

Question 10

whats the role of trypsin

Answer 10

it catalyses the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides in the small intestine

Question 11

describe the digestion of proteins

Answer 11

trypsin breaks down proteins into smaller peptides in the small intestine bya citing as a catalyse

the peptides are then broken down to small aminoa cids by other proteases

amono acids then absorbed by cells lining the digestive system ,then absorbed into the bloodstream

Question 12

what is the active site of an enzyme

Answer 12

It is part of the enzyme to which a specific substrate molecule binds to

Question 13

what forms when specific substrate molecules bind to a complementary active site of an enzyme

Answer 13

enzyme-substrate complex is formed

Question 13

why is the shape of the active site of an enzyme specific

Answer 13

enzyme is made of proteins with specific tertiary structures which form the active site

Question 14

what must happen for the collision between the specific substrate and its complementary active site to result in a reaction

Answer 14

they must collide at the right orientation and with enough energy to form a enzyme-substrate complex and for a reaction to occur

Question 14

the active enzyme has a complementary shape to fit a specific substrate.true or false

Answer 14

true

Question 15

why does an enzyme have high specificity

Answer 15

results fromt he similiar nature of the shape of the active site of an enzyme and the shape of its substrate

Question 16

why do enzymes usually only catalyse one reaction

Answer 16

they are specific ,meaning that the active site of an enzyme is complementary to a particular substrate molecule and only that substrate can bind to it

Question 17

whats denaturation

Answer 17

its when the active site of an enzyme changes its shape so its no longer complementary to a substrate and the substrate as a result can no longer bind so a reaction does not occur.The enzyme has said to have been denatured

Question 18

what causes the active site to change shape

Answer 18

when the tertiary structure of the protein that makes up the enzyme changes the active site changes its shape

Question 19

how to enzyme speed up the rate of a reaction

Answer 19

they provide an alternative [pathway for a reaction with lower activation energy

Question 19

what can cause the tertiary structure of a protein that makes uo an enzyme to change

Answer 19

-temperature/ph -mutation in the amino acid sequence that makes up the protein as the primary structure of a protein influences how a protein folds into its tertiary structure

Question 20

how do enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction

Answer 20

when a specific substrate binds to an enzyme's complementary active site, an enzyme-substrate complex is formed.The R group within the active site form temporary bonds with the substrate. This puts a strain on the bonds within the substrate making them easier to break/overcome .This in turn lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to occur

Question 20

whats activation energy

Answer 20

the minimum amount of enrgy required for a reaction to occur /otherwise, the energy required for the reactant to be broken down so products can form

Question 21

how do enzymes prevent cells from dying

Answer 21

they prevent the need for extreme conditions like temperature and pH for the activation energy of a reaction to be reached which will kill a cell

Question 22

state the names of the 2 hypotheses of how enzymes work

Answer 22

- lock and key -induced fit

Question 23

assumptions for the lock and key model

Answer 23

the active site of an enzyme and its specific substrate are exactly complimentary -the active site and the substrate fit precisely, no need for a change in their shape -enzyme's active site binds to one specific substrate

Question 24

assumptions for the induced fit

Answer 24

one specific substrate binds to a complementary active site of an enzyme -the active site and substrate are not exactly complementary -The active site must undergo conformational changes to accommodate the shape of the specific substrate as it binds to the active site

Question 25

describe a reaction of an enzyme with a substrate following the induced fit hypothesis

Answer 25

specific substrate binds to a complementary active site on an enzyme -the active site undergoes conformational changes to accommodate the shape of the active site as the substrate binds to the active site -results in the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex provided they collide at the right orientation and with enough energy -the conformational changes put a strain on the bonds within the substrate making them easier to break and thus lowering the activation energy of the reaction -the substrate reacts and forms the products in an enzyme-product complex -products are then released and the enzyme returns to its original shape, able to take part in a successive reaction

Question 26

describe a reaction of an enzyme with a substrate following the lock and key model

Answer 26

-a specific substrate binds to a complementary active site of an enzyme to form an enzyme-substrate complex, providing the collision with enough energy and at the right orientation -the R groups within the active site of the enzyme form a temporary bond with the substrate, putting a strain on the bonds within the substrate , making the bonds easier to break and thus reducing the activation energy required for the reaction to occur -the substrate reacts, forming the products within an enzyme-product complex -products are released and the enzyme is left unchanged so it can take part in a successive reaction