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ENVR201 > ENVR201 > Flashcards

ENVR201 Flashcards

1
Q

____% of energy used in transportation comes from conventional liquid fuels such as gazoline and diesel.

A

94%

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2
Q

How many motor vehicle on the road now ?

A

1,25 billion

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3
Q

Alcohol fuel

A

Ethanol and Methanol

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4
Q

according to Brown, what is the on the ground solution for better water use efficiency?

A

Drip efficiency

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5
Q

Rate of natural increase

A

CBR-CDR

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6
Q

From 1971 to 2010, the energy consumption related to transport had increase from ________
And it is the sector where it has increased the most rapidly !

A

23 to 27%

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7
Q

The global grenhouse gas emissions that comes from land use change in % :

A

18,2

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8
Q

exclusivity

A

costs and benefits associated with an activity will only flow to owner of property (directly or indirectly)

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9
Q

House prices

A

Looking at a difference of price before and after the dammages.

before or after contamination (how much it cost to fix?)

hedonic regression

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10
Q

Free rider

A

Not worrying about collective interest.

Hope everybody will

People who don’t pay but benefit anyway

no effort

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11
Q

Factors to concider for vehicle uses ;

(Is it going to perform well)

A

Is it going to be drivable

Is it going the perform well in a cold country

Is it price competitive

How economical is it to use

What is the purchase cost

What is the operation cost

If your fuel has very low energy content, and to travel the same distance you now need a much larger fuel tank.

Not desirable to have a large tank because it reduce your payload capacity

How frequently do I need to refuel

How reliable is the fuel supply

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12
Q

Induced demand

A

Refers to the idea that increasing roadway capacity encourage more people to drive, even though it fails to reduce congestion.

By adding roadway capacity, you create more traffic and congestion because people will ahve more incentive to use their vehicles.

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13
Q

Stage #1 of demographic transition

A

Preindustrial

  • CBR = CDR
  • High death rate
  • High birth rate
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14
Q

What is envrionmental injustice

A

the disproportionate pollution burdens in areas primirily inhabited by disadvantaged ethnic groups

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15
Q

Demographic trap

A

When a country is stuck in a vicious circle of rapid growth population

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16
Q

biofuel ; Advantage of climate change point.

A

Climate change point view : biofuels produced by agriculture crops, carbon dyoxyde can be recaptured when you grow them again by photosynthese. Use of biofuel allow you recapture when you burn them.

In the case of fossil fuels, when you burn them, you release carbon dioxyde from the atmosphere

The carbon dioxyde released by burning biofuels can be recaptured when you grow them again through photosynthesis.

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17
Q

Club of Rome solution

A
  • Kill people
  • control population
  • limit reproduction
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18
Q

Social system components to be incorporated into human-ecological models of urban ecosystems : 4

A
  • Social institution
    • health
    • justice
    • commerce
    • education
    • government
  • Social order
    • age
    • gender
    • class
    • wealth
    • status
  • Social dynamics
    • Physiological
    • Individual
    • Organizational
    • Institutional
    • Environmental
  • Social resources
    • Economic (information, population, labor)
    • Cultural (organizations, beliefs, myths)
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19
Q

Population pyramid in HICs

A

High proportion of post-reproductive groupe of people

old pipolllle

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20
Q

Net benefit

A

if a project creates more resources than it uses it

e.g. 10L gas for 100 fishes

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21
Q

4 natural limits onn the growth of a city (MUMFORD)

A
  1. nutritional limit of adequate food and wwater supply
  2. Military limits of protecting walls and fortification
  3. Traffic limits set by slow moving agents
  4. power limits
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22
Q

rebound effect

A

Appliances a lot more efficient, but there is a lot more appliances
- Direct/Indirect effect : the energy being saved is being used somewhere else

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23
Q

Financial incentives for transport

A
  • Gas taxes
  • automobile taxes
  • driver license cost
  • parking cost
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24
Q

Life expectancy at birth

A

number of year a new-born child is expected to live

Nigeria/central africa/sierra leonne ; 52
Japan : 82

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25
Q

One feature that distinguish envrionmental movment form west and east :

A

East ; the movment take place because of the poor and landless peasans. It is a question of survival and not enhancing the quality of life

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26
Q

pure time prefenrence

A

Value of future Utility

is the current relative valuation placed on receiving a good at an earlier date compared with receiving it at a later date.

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27
Q

Braess’s paradox

A

Removing roads capacity can actually make the network function better

Adding capacity can make it function worst.

Building new road ; increase congestion

Closing new road : decrease traffic congestion

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28
Q

cost

A

all costs associated with producing something that aren’t included in the price (labor, social costs, destruction, transporting,etc.)

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29
Q

Creating Ethanol with crushing oil seeds require to

A

Use a process that need chemicals. not recommended

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30
Q

Policies for solving collective actions problems

A
  • Public education
  • information
  • environmental taxes
  • regulation (e.g. fishing season)
  • border regulations
  • subsidies consumption (bus tickets, prius)
  • subsidies R+D
  • subsidise disposal (?)
  • subsidise investment (?)
  • pay-per-use charges
  • public infrastructure investment
  • family planning
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31
Q

The rebound effect

A

The increase of the efficiency and the decrease of the price leads to an increase in the consomation that then concel the original saving

eg. le gaz : l’efficacité du gaz amènent les gens à acheter et utiliser davantage leur véhucles motorisées

Un toit à energie solaire est acheté par un foyer qui sauve de l’argent en consomation d’électricité, mais grace à ces économies, partent en voyages, annulant ainsi la reduction de leur emprunte écologique

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32
Q

cultural ecosystem service

A

ecotourism & recreation

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33
Q

Biodiesel are produced from

A

OIL-SEED CROPS

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34
Q

The demographic equation ;

A

R = (B-D) + (I-E)

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35
Q

What is to be sustained ?

A

Nature :

  • earth
  • biodiversity
  • ecosystems

Life support

  • ecosystem services
  • resouces
  • envrionment

Community

  • Cultures
  • groups
  • places
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36
Q

according to Agyeman, what are the differences between north-south in terms of sustainability

A
  • Rich countries want to discuss the green agenda of envrionmental protection, biodiversity and protection of the ozone layer
  • The poor countries want to discuss about poverty alleviation, indrastrucural development, health and education
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37
Q

World fish trade total in $

A

47m$

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38
Q

Second revolution of agriculture

A
  • Shift away from subsistence agriculture
  • new crops (potatoes, maize, tomatoes from Americas)
  • transportation technologies ; ship and trains
  • Commercial markets for food
  • International trade
  • 1800s
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39
Q

What is climate justice

A

Climate justice links human right and development to achieve a human-centered approach. safeguarding the right of the most vulnerable and sharing the burdens and benefits of climate change and its resolution equitably and fairly.

Is informed by science, responds to science and acknoledges the need for quitable stewardship of the world’s resources

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40
Q

according to Robert Solow, what are the implication of sustainability

A
  • imply to not discover innovation
  • not desirable at all
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41
Q

Why people have children ?

A
  • productive asset
  • no mechanization, need for more labor
  • security in old age
  • risk to lose a child
  • to have enough children so that there are at least three or four sons in the family, then each son can spend half day at school and half day at work, saving money to send one of them at the university. Once his education is completed, he will use his increased earnings to put his brother to Uni too.
  • Free access to property resources
  • Viscous circle : population increase lead to envrionmental degradation then poverty.
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42
Q

What are the problem related with fisheries

A
  • Local fisheries are not consulted
  • Underreport catches
  • No big return in $ for countries using land.
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43
Q

consumer surplus

A

concsumer surplus is the difference between what one is willing to pay and what one actually has to pay for a service or a project

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44
Q

Stage #4 of demographic transition

A

Post-Industrial

  • CBR=CDR
  • Birth rate & death rate are low
  • Population stabilize, could decrease
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45
Q

Green revolution

A
  • INCREASED crop yield
  • Mechanization
  • Synthetic fertilizer/insecticides
  • Dward varieties
  • Food manufacturing
  • 1930-1970
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46
Q

What is a goal ?

A

broad, but specific qualitative statement about objectives

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47
Q

financial cost benefit analysis

A

when an individual/corporation is trying to profit so you only look at the money inputs and outputs

only consideration = self benefit

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48
Q

contingent valuation

A

for the valuation of a non-market resource, we ask people their WTP or WTA to maintain the existence of a environmental feature

Implie to ask people about what they might do if confronted to a real situation

How much people are willing to pay for change and to improve ecosystem serices

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49
Q

Considerations and challenges in choosing policies

A
  • mixed messages
  • visibility
  • free riding
  • capital turnover timescales
  • r+D investment and scale up sequence
  • commitment
  • reboud effect
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50
Q
A
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51
Q

Revealed preferences : definition and 3 methods

A

Looking at the purchasing behaviours, revealed because people had chosen among different alternative and chosen their favorite on to reveal it

wages risk

travel cost

house prices

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52
Q

What are Monbiot’s Issues with the “pricing of Nature”

A
  1. How to come up with a price?
  2. By giving a price, we are pushing the nartural world into the system and destroying it
  3. Power is left out of these discussions
  4. Value and Framing
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53
Q

What is Guha’s critique of western mainstream envrionmentalism ?

A

They don’t adress the problem correctly.

We put energies and effort on parks and designation of wildland that are managed for the nenifits of the richtourists instead of focusing on the lives of the poors.

The function of wilderness is to provide a temporary antidote to modern civilizations

+ OVERCONSUMPTION

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54
Q

Where and how Demographic trap happens ?

(6)

A
  • Happens in rural subsistence economies
  • Need for family labour
  • High Birth rates
  • High momentum
  • Low death rate
  • Transition stage
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55
Q

The higher % of young people, ________

A

The more the population will be

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56
Q

Government role in envrionment

A

maintenan order by helping control externalities with subsidies and taxes

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57
Q

Why is the biofuels are the hardest to implement in transport ?

A

In term of Energy content on mass basis ;

Alcohol, natural gases and biofuels have much lower volumetric content than petrolium&diesel

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58
Q

Modal split

A

% of travellers using a particular type of transportation or number of trip using those transports

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59
Q

Mobility

A

the ease of travelling through a tranpost network

  • number of vehicles per hour
  • average time lost in traffic
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60
Q

What is the sustainability paradox of Robert Solow

A

Distributional equity: Future (potential) people and current people (or the poors/vulnerable people)

“There is something inconsistent about people who profess to be terribly concerned the welfare of future generations but do not seem to be terribly concerned about the welfare of poor people today”

relation with the concern of the future of our childrens or the the present of our poors.

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61
Q

According to Hardin, what is a political solution to the tragedy of the commons?

example: parking tickets and taxes

A

mutual coercion

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62
Q

Population pyramid in LICs

A

High proportion of reproductive and pre-reproductive groups of people

creates momentum

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63
Q

social order

A

distribution of good in the society

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64
Q

Just sustainability is about…

and 4 other points

A

distribution.

  • quality of life
  • present and future generation
  • justice and equity
  • living within ecosystems limits

No just about envrionmental concern, but where wider questions of social needs and welfare and economic opportunity

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65
Q

Collective action problem

A

Pro-social action that has a cost to the individual, but benefit for everyone

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66
Q

Cost-benefit ANALYSIS

A
  • identify cost, to estimate strenght and wakness of alternative
  • identigy benefits and consequences
  • operating something can decrease its effectiveness
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67
Q

VARIABLE COST

A
  • Fuel
  • Parking
  • Maintenance
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68
Q

According to Hardin, collective action problems cannot be solved by _________ and instead require a change in _________

A

Technical improvments

change in morality

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69
Q

example of an increase in the price of biofuels that created land change.

A

the soybean in brazil

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70
Q

Private firm : their costs and they benefits

A

cost :

  • wages
  • equipment
  • taxes

benefits :

  • subsidies
  • revenue from sales
  • interest on investment
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71
Q

Environmental economics

A
  1. Guided by core microeconomic assumptions
  2. Focus is on decisions made by individuals with good information and good incentives with ability to aggregate uncertainty and intertemporal benits
  3. collective behaviour usually aggregate Tto good information
  4. missing parts are brought in to correct incentives where they have been identified as misaligned
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72
Q

Germans greens

A

No growth economy, that imply shift in economical and political structures but mostly cultural

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73
Q

According to Hardin, what is a political solution to the tragedy of the commons?

A

mutual coercion

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74
Q

Non-renewable

A
  • Fuel Mineral
    • Coal
    • petrolium
    • Natural gaz
  • Non-fuel minerals
    • Non-metal
    • Metal
  • Cannot be replaced
  • Fixed stock is limited
  • availability measured in reserve
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75
Q

Fix costs

A
  • Purchase of car
  • License fees
  • iNSURANCE
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76
Q

Government : costs and benefits

A

costs :

  • subsidies
  • new duties (road, streetlamp etc)

Benefits :

  • money from taxes
  • fines
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77
Q

The best way to produce Ethanol is with

A

Sugar crops

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78
Q

5 limitations of Club ofrome

A
  1. Agricultural production
  2. non-renewable resources
  3. industrial output
  4. pollution
  5. population
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79
Q

What happen when you have a fuel with very low volumetric energy content ?

A
  • With the same fuel tank, you are not able to travel much less (your range become limited)
  • You need a much bigger tank
  • you have to refuel much more frequently

So trade off with distance and payload capacity.

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80
Q

The ‘polluter pays’ principle

A

The ‘polluter pays’ principle is the commonly accepted practice that those who produce pollution should bear the costs of managing it to prevent damage to human health or the environment. For instance, a factory that produces a potentially poisonous substance as a by-product of its activities is usually held responsible for its safe disposal.

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81
Q

Social trap

A

underpricing, excess production, and consumption of polluting commodities,

a situation in which a group of people act to obtain short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole

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82
Q

Population momentum

A

With low median age, and declining death rate, and fertility rate down to replacement level, the population will likely continue to grow over short and medium term

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83
Q

Crude death Rate influenced by

A
  • Health care
  • war and conflicts
  • natural disaster
  • age structure
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84
Q

Accessibility

A

The ease of reaching a destination. It is not about speed but about the ability to get there

Number of things accessible and close to you.

Location based and Population based

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85
Q

3 things to do about mix land use in INDIA

A
  1. Enhancing public transit service
    • improving its attractiveness and effectiveness
    • by ensureing safe and convinient pedestrian access
  2. Pricing of road use
    • Increase marginal cost relative to transit
    • increase the prices of cars maintenance, parking, licences, insurance
    • wouldn’t be acceptable without adequate transit systems
  3. Increase the attractiveness of walking and cycling
    • increasing facilities and infrastructures
    • street lighting, road drainage, tree cover, bus bays, traffic and parking management, garbage disposal, public toilets.
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86
Q

what is an indicators

A

Quantitative measures selected to assess progress toward or away from a stated goal.

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87
Q

economic cost benefit analysis

A

social analysis

looks at how a money making decision will affect larger economy

you look at all the people the project could affect to see if it is a good decision

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88
Q

Payload capacity

A

Goods that you put on your truck that pays your bills

You want your energy to be occupying as less as possible space so you want fuel with high volumatric energy (problem with alternative)

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89
Q

% of protected marine reserves

A

0,25%

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90
Q

How to promote population growth ?

A
  • Import skilled labour (then no struggle to education them)
  • Baby bonuses
  • Working age
  • Tax deduction
  • Maternity/paternity leave
  • Child care subsidies
  • Remove contraception
  • Discourage or banning abortion
    • pubishable by death
    • childless couple need to show medical evidence
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91
Q

Strong sustainability

A
  • manufactured and natural capital are not substitutes, but complement
  • Separate capital stock (human, social, natural and manufactured)

very strong sustrainability would be to never deplete anything. Non-renewable resources couldn’t be used

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92
Q

population-based accessibility

A

% of population within a distance of transportation

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93
Q

On 350 000 plants species, 80 000 are eatable but we only cultivate ___ of them and only ___ of them supply nearly all the human food need

A

175

16

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94
Q

net cost

A

when a project uses more resources than it creates

e.g., using 1000L gas for 10 fishes

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95
Q

Barry Commoner readings first idea

A

The problem is not population growth but poverty

It is not relevant to put some policies as contraception or abortion in LICs since the population doesn’t know how to deal with it, but mostly need children as an asset for their family ($$$ and power) - Mahmood Mamdani

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96
Q

4 characteristics of deep ecology

A
  • from anthropocentric to biocentric
  • focus on the prevention of wilderness
  • envrionmentalism touched every religion
  • they see themselve as vanguard of US and world envrionmentalists
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97
Q

what led to a increase of hygiene and lower death rate ?

A

soap

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98
Q

success of public transit most heavily depends on

A

urban development and car taxes

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99
Q

Urban sprawl

A

The migration of the population from populated towns and cities to low density residential rural land.

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100
Q

Population pyramid stage 3

A

Post reproductive (55 and higher yo)

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101
Q

What happen when we increase the demand for biofuels.

A
  • It reduces the supply of Corn, Wheat, Sugar cane
  • The prices of Wheat, sugar cane and corn will increase
  • The prices of substitute will increase too (other crops)
  • More land need to be brought in the cultivation of corn, wheat sugar cane and other crops
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102
Q

what should we do with parking ?

A

We should built free parking before the greenbelt to incite people to use public transportation and don’t use their cars in the city.

Would lead to

  • decrease of the traffic
  • increase of the room available for parking in the city
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103
Q

according to badami, what does a motor vehicle represent in India?

A

Status

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104
Q

according to Solow, when we use up something irremplaceable, wheter it is a mineral, or a fish specie, the we should…

A

provide a substitute of equal value.

Can be technologies, knowledge, doesnt have to be physical

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105
Q

70%

A

OECD worldwide share of energy consumption in road transport

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106
Q

What is the bad new with ethanol ?

A

It is blended with gasoline and then most of the emission advantage of it disappear.

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107
Q

Cornucopian view (or techno-optimistic)

A
  • The ultimate resource is human knowledge
  • Controlling growth would be immoral
    *
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108
Q

Natural resources

A
  • Renewable
  • Non Renewable
109
Q

Societal perspective related to transport

A
  • Energy security
  • Air pollution
  • Greenhouse gas emission
  • Importance of fuel cycle (well to wheel approach)
110
Q

Cyanide fishing

A

method to collect live fishes for aquariums by spraying a sodium cyanide to stunt the fish

111
Q

Neo-marxism view

A
  • Scarcity is not the problem but a distraction
  • Real problem is Mal distribution
  • No human population boundary
  • No carrying capacity
  • technlology can overcome the problem
  • Principle of social scarcity
112
Q

Limitation to contigenct valuation

A
  • Free riders
    • Not a lot of people will actually contribute
    • A lot of people will not pay, but will benefit from it anyway
  • Strategic Bias : People may inflate their WTP to achieve greater clean up if they think they won’t actually have to pay
    • saying big number but knowing you’ll not pay
  • Framing Bias: might respond differently depending on the way the question is asked. changin, rephrasing, reformulating to change people incentives…
113
Q

consumer surplus

A

extra utility consumer get by buying something

it is not money or good

Difference between WTP and what you actually pay

114
Q

Club goods

A

It is natural to share a club good among a group, but can easily be owned

it is excludable but not rivalrous

ex ; cinema, park, satelite tv

115
Q

What is the most important thing to do to influence population growth ?

A

Invest in women paid employment (more than education)

problem is that they get pressure to maximize male children

116
Q

hedonic regression

A

A hedonic regression estimates the value associated with an improved envrionment

117
Q

Causes of tragedy of the common

A

individuals act from self interest for short term gain; each individual reasons that if he/she doesn’t use the resource someone else will

118
Q

Natural growth equation

A

CBR-CDR

119
Q

example of tragedy of the common

A
  1. overfishing of cod or atlantic tuna in the ocean
  2. increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere
  3. ground and surface water use by landowners
  4. logging in tropical forests
120
Q

Triple convergence

A
  1. Spatial convergence
    drivers uses other routes
  2. Time convergence
    People who travel before peak hours
  3. Modal convergence
    People who used to take public transport but switch to driving since it is faster
121
Q

Population control policies

A

To control, to boost, to shrink population

122
Q

The fishing enterprise employs ________ people worldwid

A

200 million

123
Q

Producing Ethanol with grain crops (wheat and corn) is not recommanded because

A
  • It is highly energy intensive
  • the grain need to be first converted to sugar
  • the process use a massive amount of natural gas
  • it is not labour intencive so very expensive $$
124
Q

You get the higher reduction in green house gases on a fuel cycle basis in the case of __________

A

ethanol from sugar cane (like in brazil and india)

125
Q

Benefits of new cars and mobility technologies

A
  • Individual ownership reduces
  • Impacts on land use, space devoted to cars (now 30-40% in North america)
  • Reduce fossil fuel use elsewhere
  • congestion won’t be reduced by making mobility easier on its own
  • need to be aware of other unintended consequences, social contract (ubbbber and taxis and truckers etc), physical activity.
126
Q

Bio fuels cycle ;

A
  1. To preparing the land,
  2. Seeding
  3. Growing the crops
  4. Conversion to biofuels,
  5. Production,
  6. Shipping the crops to a processing center
  7. Converte it to biofuels
  8. Shipping the biofuels to refueling centers
  9. Use of biofuels in automobile and the emissions.

*from the field to the wheel.

127
Q

More the infant mortality is high, more the RFR is high : why?

A

Because if a couple’s child die, they’ll create another one then it will pass from 1 to 2

128
Q

Canada, Europe and US produce ethanol from ______

A

grains like wheat and corn

129
Q

Industrial agriculture (8)

A
  • Large amount of meat
  • growth hormone and antibiotics
  • energy and water intensive
  • large amount of waste
  • food for sale
  • single crops, large plot
  • capital investment
  • machinery fossil fuel
130
Q

according to brown’s example stories, what can be used to sustainably feed livestock?

milk in India and eastern China

A

roughage (crop residue)

131
Q

Urban planning sustainability strategies

A
  1. Land use policies
  2. Density heights
  3. amount of parking
  4. street infratructure
  5. Transport policies
132
Q

an hedonic regression

A

estimates the value of the variable associated with an improved environment

to determine the relative importance of the variables which affect the price of a good or service.

related to revealed valuation method

133
Q

Alternative/substitute can be better and are desirable because :

A
  1. Good engine fuels (bon moteur) for RME (that is a biodiesel)
  2. They have higher hydrogene to carbon ratio (so the combustion produces far less carbon dioxyde then the burning of gasoline and diesel)
  3. Methane and Propane (natural gas) have very high energy content on a mass basis

compared with gazoline and diesel

134
Q

What is a common good

A

It is RIVALROUS

It is not excludable

fish stock, timber, coal

135
Q

contigent valuation

A

WTP and WTA

136
Q

Population pyramid stage 1

A

Pre-reproductive (0-14y)

137
Q

Environmental impact of food system

A
  • Soil erosion
  • Loss of soil fertility
  • Loss of genetic diversity
  • Climate change due to fossil fuel used in agriculture
  • 2/3 of water used for agriculture
138
Q

Problem with producing Ethanol ?

A

It reduces the amount of crops used for food and feedlot availability

139
Q

Smart growth

A

Approach to development that encourages a mix of building types and uses, diverse housing and transportation options, development within existing neighborhoods and community engagement.

  • Conserves resources
  • revitalizes existing communities
  • encourages re-use
  • vibrant mix-used development
  • transportation choices
  • Housing options near work and amenities
140
Q

Biofuels

A

are fuels that are produced from agricultural crop : ethanol, barley, sugar cane, and so forth are biodiesel produced by oil seeds. Ex ; canola, coton see, peanuts etc

141
Q

provisionning

A

fresh water

fisheries

capture fish

142
Q

Vehicle user and manufacturer perspective

A
  • Reliability
  • Vehicle performance
  • Driveability
  • Cold start
  • Price relative to conventional fuels
  • Price relative to conventional vehicles
  • Payload capacity
  • Range
  • Refuelling frequency
  • Safety
  • Maintenance
  • Durability
143
Q

Traditional agriculture

A
  • Small amount of meat
  • Natural grassland
  • labor intensive
  • waste return to soil
  • for subsistance
  • multiple crops
  • low investment
  • organic fertilizers
144
Q

value

A

anything that does something of benefit

measured by looking at price

145
Q

difference between

financial cost benefit analysis

and

economic cost benefit analysis

A

Financial cost benefit are related to moné

Economic costs benefit analysis related to Social

146
Q
A
147
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

Maximum population of that species that can survive in that envrionment given resource needs and availability

148
Q

reliability

A

Concern about _______ ; am i going to be able to get this fuel in a reliable way while driving from point A to point B

149
Q

What would be another problem of population policy to decrease the number of children ?

A

Very large number of older people where nobody takes care of them.

150
Q

Is substitution possible for strong sustainability

A

NO !

151
Q

mutual coercion

A

coercion = the act of making somebody do something that they do no want to do. Usually by threat or physical force

So everybody need to do something they don’t like to. like paying taxes, and paying parking

152
Q

Strategies to adress overfishing

A
  • Individual Transfarable quotas
  • Exclusive economic zone
  • Taxes
  • Selective gear
  • Precautionary Principle
  • Polluter Pays principle
  • Limited seasons
153
Q

at any given Q, the price of the next additional unit is of less value

A

marginal benefit

154
Q

species composition effect

A

as area decreases, species lost earlier in the reduction are more valuable

as more extinction, decrease caring

155
Q

Renewable resource (4)

A
  • flow
    • non-storable (sun)
    • storable (water)
  • natural replenishment
  • Public property
  • constantly available
156
Q

Natural Capital Agenda

A
  • The pricing valuation
  • The monetisation
  • The financialisation

of nature, in the name of saving it

157
Q

Solutions for better yield crops

A
  • Double cropping
  • fertilizers
  • more efficient irrigation
    • because 50% of water is lost
  • Drip irrigatoin system
  • Less water intensive crops
    *
158
Q

Wages risk

A

old method : looking at the income they would have done

new method : look at profession with similar work and compare their wage and danger diffrence

eg. sherpa vs street market

159
Q

Biodiesel downside ; 6

A
  • They don’t grow easily
  • They aren’t reliable in cold places
  • It is blended with diesel so it cancel the advantage of ggas emissions
  • It has a very high fuel cycle energy
  • It require massive amount of fertilizer and other inputs
  • High costs
160
Q

Food security

A

When all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintenant a healthy and active life.

161
Q

2 most important mode of transportation ;

A

subways and railways

162
Q

Guha : fondamuntal ecological problem

A

overconsumption by the industrialized world and by urban elites in the third world.

We don’t adress the problem correctly, we put energy and effort on parks and designation of wildland that are managed for the benifits of the rich tourists instead of focusing on the lives of the poors (solow paradox)

163
Q

engineering approach

A

Adding up costs of an engineering solution (for ecosystem evaluation)
How much does it cost to replace ecosystem w/ human mechanism?
- costs of replacing ecosystem services, adaptation of environmental damages

164
Q

externalities

A

negative and positive results that are not reflected in market price, side effects, exists when the costs or benefits are either not fully shouldered by person(s) engaging or not fully captured by the person(s) engaging (+: benefits are enough that can’t all be captured, -:if costs cannot be shouldered

165
Q

What is the paradox that Solow identifies with some conception of sustainability ?

A

People are concern about the future and not the actual situation that we need to fix.

166
Q

Are eletric cars and autonomous vehicles are the answer ?

A

nop, it will create the JEVONS paradox, even clean cars use space, pose danger to others, cause congestion.

167
Q

revealed preferences

A
  • house prices
  • wage risks
  • travel cost
168
Q

ecosystem service

A

good that is proved by the nature

169
Q

Hedonic Regression of consumer surplus (Property value)

A

estimates the pleasure or utility associated with an improved environment

170
Q

Why is states implement population control policies ?

A

They are afraid of large resources decrease.

171
Q

Negative feedback

A

+ & -

Something positive leads to something negative

Something negative leads to something positive

172
Q

value

A

what makes us feel good

173
Q

ecological economics

A
  • Deals with uncertainty and future heuristically, in accordance with the precautionary principle
  • Physical efficiency rather than pareto efficiency
  • allows broader systems to specify scale, seeing economics as a method with constrained scope and context
174
Q

Population pyramid stage 2

A

Reproductive (15-44)

175
Q

% of worldwide greenhouse gas for agricultural sector

A

19%

176
Q

The share of world oil consumption has increased from around 45% to 62% in the transport sector from 1973 to 2010.

why ?

A

Because transport more than any other sector is heavily dependant on petrolium.

In the other sectors (e.g.industry, agriculture, residential, etc) some alternative has been found : solar energy, natural gas, electricity, etc, but not in transport.

177
Q

Techno-optimist Solution

A
  • Increase human population
  • Increase human creativity
  • INNOVATION
178
Q

What differs from a country to another in term of modal split ?

A
  • Income
  • transit policy
  • automobiles taxes
  • parking policies
  • licensing policies
  • roadway sobsidies
  • land use
  • housing policy
179
Q

Which fossil fuel is the most available (in order)

A
  1. COAL
  2. NATURAL GAZ
  3. PETROLIUM (crude oil)
180
Q

3 levels of environmental injustice occuring in Montreal

A
  • Neighborhoods with the highest social disadvantage experience the worst exposures to traffic-related air pollution
  • The polluter-pay principle is mostly absent
  • There is a subset of highly disadvantaged communities who are exposed to levels of pollution that they have little to no role in producing
181
Q

Monbiot primary argument “put a price on nature”

A

it suffest the role of the natural world is to promote economic growth

182
Q

Example of low mix land use

A

Phoenix, kananaskis, Courlay

183
Q

slogan to reduce fertility rates

A

Later, Longer, Fewer
Later : postpone the first birth (increase marriage age)

Longer : increase the time between children as much as possible

Fewer : give birth to fewer kids

184
Q

problem with travel cost method

A

people have different opportunity cost, recreational opportunities

185
Q

Is the population policies were considered being successful in China in the 70s ?

A

Yes, the total fertility rate decrease from 6 to 2,5 children per women

186
Q

Recyclable resources

A
  • Process of converting waste material into new material
  • Recover once original purpose is futfilled
  • Non-renewable resource
187
Q

4 services by environment

A
  • supporting
  • cultural
  • regulating
  • provisionning
188
Q

What china did in 1960-1970 ?

A
  • Marriage age
  • free contraceptives
  • education
  • sterilization
  • abortions
  • health care
189
Q

propane and methane are…

A

natural gases

190
Q

Example of what happened with the Ethanol production in Mexico

A

They started to produce yellow corn when the demand for biofuel in the US increased, in order to produce ethanol.

Then, the mexican started using white corn as a subsidy for yellow corn

But yellow corn is the stapple of the production of tortillas.

So the prices increased and availability decreased

poor couldn’t afford to buy white corn anymore

191
Q

Demographic transition

A

Theory based on experience on industrialized western nations that explains and describes the shift from very high birth and death rates to very low as society industrialize

192
Q

CBR influenced by…

A
  • nutrition
  • sex education
  • age structure
  • custom and religion
193
Q

Stated preferences

A
  • contingent valuation
  • consumer surplus
  • engineering approach
  • life satisfaction approach (human well being)
194
Q

corn-based ethanol, instead of producing a 20% savings

A

, nearly doubles greenhouse emissions over 30 years

195
Q

Javon’s paradox

A

extreme case of rebound effect

196
Q

willingness to pay

A

one way to fiture out how much people like stuff. it always implie a sacrifice

197
Q

Club of Rome

A

1968

Organization of indivuduals, scientists, economists, businessmen, former head of state, etc who share a common concern for the future of humanity and strive to make a difference

Book ; limit of growth

198
Q

according to brown, what do we use to feed animal protein?

inefficient because requires a lot of land and water

A

soybeans

199
Q

aggregation problem

A

Adding values over people: Who is included? How do we weigh values of different people? What is equitable

  • Adding benefits occuring over time : Benefits the future generations
  • Over possible outcomes : We don’t know what will happen, creates risks and uncertainty

temps, individus, futur

200
Q

precautionary principle;

A

Even without scientific proof, society should take action where there is the potential of irreversible consequences

201
Q

Why dramatic drop in death rates ?

A
  • Improvement in nutrition
  • Improvement in personal hygiene
  • public health
  • income
202
Q

why discount

A
  1. pure time preference
  2. future will be richer/poorer
  3. cost of capital
  4. inflation (irrelevant)
203
Q

Most serious impact of transportation

A

car accident (8th leading cause of death worldwide)

204
Q

Monbiot suggest that the nature’s terms has changed, in a socially constructed way.

Could you enumerate at least 3 terms ?

A
  • Asset classes in an ecosystems market
  • ecosystem services (only to serve us)
  • natural capital
  • green infrastructure
205
Q

Reasons to discount real costs which arrive in the future ?

A
  • pure time preference
  • increasing wealth
  • real interest rates

NOT INFLATION

206
Q

PROBLEM WITH ALTERNATIVES OF PETROLIUM/DIESEL

A

LOWER VOLUMETRIC CONTENT

207
Q

Food miles

A

The distance traveled b . food items from the farm to the consumer

average of 4230 for all ingredients

208
Q

Stage #2 of demographic transition

A

Transitional

  • CBR > CDR
  • more birth than death
  • Many low income countries
  • many countries are “stuck in it
  • Europe 1750
209
Q

Replacement fertility rate

A

Number of children a couple must have to replace themselves

210
Q

Targets :

A

use indicators to make specific desired endpoints

211
Q

Fuel cycle ;

A

All the way from :

  1. Getting the fuel out of the ground
  2. To processing it
  3. To transforming it
  4. To distributing it to refueling centres,
  5. To using it in motorvehicle.
  6. To emissions created
212
Q

Tragedy of the common

A

Hardin ;

  • Common property resources are inevitably degrated and deplete to the detriment of all
  • freedom in commons resources ruins it for all because everyone makes individual choices
  • individuals act from self interest for short term gain;
  • each individual reasons that if he/she doesn’t use the resource someone else will
213
Q

Garett Hardin thinks that

A

A finite world can only suppot a finite population

(not against population control at all.)

214
Q

city beautiful movement

A

the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur

215
Q

The alternative fuels are harder to implement in transport because

A

Their volumetric energy content is LOW.

  • They need to refuel constantly
  • By getting alternative, they would get a smaller payload capacity
  • Their range of distance would be lesser
216
Q

Africa ; casava

A

as that became diverted to biofuels production, the price of casava increased creating food security issues for the poor.

217
Q

Two types of resources

A
  • human
  • natural
218
Q

Criteria for urban centre (5)

A
  1. administrative criteria
  2. population density
  3. urban infrastructure (paved road, sewage, lightning, etc)
  4. threshold population size
  5. economic function
219
Q

common

A

A resource that is free and available to everyone

220
Q

Total fertility rate

A

Average number of children a women is likely to have during her child bearing years

Niger ; 7,2 children

High Income countries ; 1,7 children

221
Q

What is another important factor of creating biofuels ?

A

LAND USE CHANGE

222
Q

FISHERIES SOLUTION

A

INDIVIDUAL TRANSFARABLE QUOTAS

223
Q

Life satisfaction approach (or experience preference method)

A

non-market good as the explanatory variable

224
Q

What would happen if we would use the cellulosic materials and waste (the whole plant, and not only a small part) ?

A
  • Much higher feedstock levels
  • Would not compete with food and land suitable for food crops
  • Would use lower fertilizer requirements
  • Would help rural development and farm incomes
  • Would help for waste management
225
Q

Conventional fuels

A

Gasoline and diesel

226
Q

travel cost method

A

measures the amount of money people axpend to use a resource

ie. going to yosemite park = paying ticket and transportation

227
Q

Another reason why it would be difficult to change conventional fuel to alternative fuels

A
  • 1,25 vehicles to change
  • Massive amount of time and investment to replace conventional fuels vehicles
  • Massive investment in refueling infrastructure
228
Q

percent of biomass that have been extracted

A

90%

229
Q

Indirect greenhouse gas impacts through land use change

A
  1. As you get increase in biofuel demand, forest and grassland are being cut down for biofuels production, which means no absorbtion of carbon anymore.
  2. As more corn and wheat are diverted to biofuel production in the US and EU, exports of corn and wheat go down globally and corn and wheat production then has to be moved elsewhere which involve more land use in those other places because the yield are much lower.
230
Q

Neo-Malthusian view

A
  • Human population grow exponentially
  • Food supply grows at a much slower rate than population
  • People are poor because of population growth
  • pessimist view
  • Doesn’t think that sending money to poor people would eventually worsen their living conditions since they could mistakenly think that they can support a bigger family
231
Q

Positive feedback

A

+ & +

something positive leads to something positive

232
Q

Trying to replace 5% gasoline with ethanol

A

will take 5% of crop land in the EU and 8% of cropland in US,

233
Q

Poor family have more because they are poor, they aren’t poor because they have a lot of children.

+

Which country has an overpopulation problem ? : Canada or Bangladesh ?

Bangladesh - 161million ; 0,37 Tonne/capital CO2 eq

Canadian : 36 million 22.1/cap CO2 eq

In terms of contribution of climate change, Canada has a much high effect than the population of Bangladesh

_______________________________________

who did that critic ?

A

Mahmood Mamdani 1946

234
Q

Weak sustainability

A

Manufactured capital can substitute for natural capital

SUUUUBBBSTITUTE

Implies strong development.

E.G. Cutting down forest as long as human get economic advantages

Higher the conusumption of resources is and faster the growth in technology is, that is better for the future.

235
Q

Stage #3 of demographic transition

A

Industrial

  • Confidence in survivors
  • Rising income
  • Urbanization
  • Birth rate is decreasing
  • Population starts to slow
236
Q

Sustained yield

A

Replenishment is greater than consumption rate at which you can extract renewable resources without compremising current rate of extraction in the future

e.g. fish and timber

not non-renewable resources

rate of which renewable resource can be extracted without compromising.

237
Q

6 effects of externalities

A
  1. social trap,
  2. excess consumption of ecosystem services,
  3. excessive consumption of public goods,
  4. free-rider effect,
  5. no incentive to reduce pollution, recycling/ reuse of polluting substances is discouraged bc easier to dump
238
Q

Is it going to be drivable

Is it going the perform well in a cold country

Is it price competitive

How economical is it to use

What is the purchase cost

What is the operation cost

Concern about payload capacity ;

Good that you put on your truck that pays your bills

If your fuel has very low energy content, and to travel the same distance you now need a much larger fuel tank.

Not desirable to have a large tank because it reduce your payload capacity

How frequently do I need to refuel

How reliable is the fuel supply

A
239
Q

How are indicators constructed

A
  • data availability
  • spatial and temporal scale
  • importance of logic and consistency amon goals, indicators and target
240
Q

Prisioner dilemma idea

A

People will act individually even though it is better to to cooperate.

Non-cooperative action is preferred no matter what other player chose to do.

DOMINANT STRATEGY

241
Q

Neolitic revolution

A
  • Use of plow, draft animal, irrigation, seed selection
  • led to sedentary civilizations
  • cHARACTERIZED by human labour
  • developed food storage
242
Q

private firms

A

businesses that work for their own benefit and want to maximize profits

243
Q

Doubling time

A

70/ annual growth rate %

The number of time it takes for a population to double

244
Q

INDIA ; exception to the population problem

A

city in India is an exception to the population problem because of its matriarchal values and socialist structure?

245
Q

Today, only ____ % of the energy consumption in transport comes from alternative to petrolium (electricity, biofuels)

A

6%

246
Q

Intrisic right

A

enveryone on the same level

247
Q

Why does Population momentum happen ?

A

Because the previous high fertility produced a high population of young people who will bear children in the future. Couple may be having fewer children but they are more, this perpetuate population momentum.

248
Q

Solutions to adress against population growth in LDC.

A
  • Empower women
  • employment and literacy for women
  • family planning services
  • health services
  • providing cheap fuel and potable water will reduce the usefulness of extra-hand
249
Q

human resources (2)

A
  • number (labor suply)
  • intelligence (innovation, technology and capital)
250
Q

Infant mortality Rate (IMR)

A

The number of death per 1000 live birth of children under one year of age

251
Q

Sustainability is about

A

obligation to the future

252
Q

What is to be developed

A

People

  • child survival
  • life expectancy
  • education
  • equity
  • equal opportunity

Economy

  • wealth
  • productive sectors
  • consumption

society

  • institution
  • social capital
  • states
  • regions
253
Q

Ecosystem service

+ 3 exemples

A

conceptual benefits of nature humanity gets for free

use vs. non use vs. option

examples: water purification, crop pollination, wild food, recreation

254
Q

The population of Asia would be suppose to decrease in ____

A

2100 !
And in India, the population is as well suppose to stabilize around 2050

255
Q

We need to focus especially on…

(population)

A

on fertility rate (number of children a women has during her childbearing years)

because more a women have children and more the population momentum will grow.

256
Q

DOMINANT STRATEGY

A

Everyone is acting for there self-interests to get as much gain as possible

257
Q

What is Agyman’s definition of just sustainability different than other definitions of sustainability ?

A

It relates to :

  • justice
  • equity
  • quality of life
  • social aspects
  • present and future generation
  • living within ecosystems limits
258
Q

The fuel cycle of biofuel for transport is highly dependant of the ________

A

feed stock

259
Q

Biofuels are basically

A

ETHANOL which is produced from.

  1. Cereal grain of corn, wheat, barley
  2. Sugar crops from sugar cane
  3. Cellulosic materials (grasses, trees)
  4. Organic waste material.
260
Q

_______ of biomass is estimated to have been extracted

A

9/10

261
Q

Why is it that it is in the transport sector that the energy consumption has increase the most ? (2)

A
  1. Because the motor vehicule ownership has increased a LOT (particularly in other parts of the world)
  2. Because it is extremely difficult to control the energy consumption in the transport sector, since there is an infinite number of different vehicules and people that makes infinite number of choices relation to their transportation, related to operation, maintenance, purchase, use and so on.
262
Q

Mix land use

A

Any urban, suburban or villages development or even a single building that combines residential, commercial, cultural, or indsutrial usage, within a relatively dense area, and that provides pedestrian connections.

263
Q

Well to whell approach

+

goal

A

The assessment of the envrionmental impact of a given product of service throughout its lifespand

Goal : to compare which fuel has the best envrionmental performances

264
Q

EX of high mix land use

A

Delhi, NYC, BKK

265
Q

clear indicator of why some countries have more car on their roads

A

gazoline price

266
Q

cost effectiveness analysis

A

looking at different solution options of a problem to see which is the most solution for the least cost

267
Q

Volumetric energy content is crucial for transport because :

A
  • More than any other sectors, it is in transport that you want your energy producing fuel to occupy as little space as possible
  • You want as much space for your payload
268
Q

____ of the ten fish producers were developing countries

A

7/10

ENVR201 (1 decks)

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