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Env. Science > Environmental Studies Exam 1 > Flashcards

Environmental Studies Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Environment

A

All the living and nonliving things around us.

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2
Q

Emergence of Environmental Science

A

People realized we need to balance human progress with protecting and sustaining the natural environment.

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3
Q

Environmental Science

A

Combines biology, chemistry, physics, and social sciences to study the natural world and how humans interact with the environment.

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4
Q

Environmentalism

A

A social movement focused on raising awareness and advocating for the protection and conservation of the natural environment.

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5
Q

Differences between Environmental Science and Environmentalism

A

Environmental Science: Pursues knowledge about the environment and interactions, employs the scientific method, remains objective. Environmentalism: A social movement aimed at protecting the natural world from human-based changes.

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6
Q

Sound Science

A

Careful and objective use of the scientific method to conduct research and gather evidence about the natural world.

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7
Q

Scientific Method Steps

A

Observation, Hypothesis, Experimentation, Data Analysis, Conclusion.

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8
Q

Scientific Method

A

A series of steps to collect information or solve problems.

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9
Q

Hypothesis

A

An educated guess about the cause of an observation.

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10
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

Predicts no effect or relationship between variables.

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11
Q

Alternative Hypothesis

A

Proposes a relationship or difference between variables.

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12
Q

Null Hypothesis Example

A

There is no difference in reading comprehension between students who use audiobooks and those who do not.

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13
Q

Alternative Hypothesis Example

A

Students who cram before a test have worse test results than those who study a week in advance.

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14
Q

Theodore Roosevelt Contributions

A

Played a major role in the conservation of public lands and establishment of national parks.

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15
Q

Vandana Shiva Contributions

A

Advocate for small farmers and the preservation of biodiversity, focusing on the effects of the Green Revolution.

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16
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space, has mass, and is composed of atoms.

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17
Q

Energy

A

Does not have mass or occupy space.

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18
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

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19
Q

Law of Conservation of Matter

A

States that matter cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

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20
Q

Law of Conversion of Energy

A

States that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.

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21
Q

Ecological Scales

A

Individuals → Species → Populations → Communities → Ecosystems → Biosphere.

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22
Q

Energy Flow

A

Transfer of energy from the sun through different trophic levels in an ecosystem.

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23
Q

Hydrological Cycle

A

Continuous movement and redistribution of water through the environment.

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24
Q

Biogeochemical Cycles

A

Distribution and movement of chemical elements and nutrients through the environment.

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25
Q

Community Dynamics

A

Study of interactions and relationships between different species within a community.

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26
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

Non-living things.

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27
Q

Biotic Factors

A

Living things.

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28
Q

Community

A

All the life that might live in that area.

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29
Q

Population

A

Members of the same species living in the same area.

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30
Q

Species

A

A group of individuals that share certain characteristics.

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31
Q

Eutrophication

A

A process triggered by excess nitrogen and phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems.

32
Q

Limiting Nutrients

A

Chemical elements present in small quantities, essential for growth.

33
Q

Habitat

A

A place where a species is adapted to live.

34
Q

Ecological Niche

A

Conditions and resources a species needs to survive and reproduce.

35
Q

Different Species Interaction - Competition

A

Different populations/species compete for the same resources.

36
Q

Different Species Interaction - Predation

A

One population eats another population.

37
Q

Different Species Interaction - Symbiosis

A

Overlapping relationship between organisms of two species.

38
Q

Effects of Environmental Conditions on Species Survival

A

Species evolve adaptations to specific conditions; changes can threaten survival.

39
Q

Tropical Rainforest Climate

A

20C or 77F, Precipitation 180-400 cm, Vegetation: Broadleaf, evergreen, multilayered canopy.

40
Q

Arctic and Alpine Tundra Climate

A

2-3 Months above freezing, Precipitation 15-180 cm, Vegetation: Few trees, dwarf shrubs, mosses.

41
Q

Desert Climate

A

Warm, Cold, and Polar, Precipitation 2-25 cm, Vegetation: Grasses, shrubs, lichens.

42
Q

Disturbance

A

Drives changes in an ecosystem, altering conditions and displacing community members.

43
Q

Ecological Disturbances

A

Events disrupting the structure and function of an ecosystem.

44
Q

Examples of Ecological Disturbances

A

Fire, Flooding, Volcanic Eruptions.

45
Q

Anthropogenic Disturbances

A

Changes driven by human activities.

46
Q

Examples of Anthropogenic Disturbances

A

Invasive species, forest clearing, pollution.

47
Q

Ecological Succession

A

Transition from one biotic community to another.

48
Q

Primary Succession

A

Beginning step of ecological succession where species colonize an uninhabited site.

49
Q

Secondary Succession

A

Ecological process of community redevelopment after a habitat disturbance.

50
Q

Process of Aquatic Succession

A

Begins with soil erosion into water, leading to vegetation growth and eventual terrestrial replacement.

51
Q

Biological Wealth

A

Ecosystem services and capital derived from the natural environment.

52
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of life on the planet.

53
Q

Species Diversity

A

Diversity of different species.

54
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

Diversity within species.

55
Q

Ecosystem Diversity

A

Diversity of different habitats and ecosystems.

56
Q

Threats to Biodiversity - HIPPO

A

H - Habitat Destruction, I - Invasive Species, P - Pollution, P - Population, O - Overexploitation.

57
Q

H - Habitat Destruction

A

Destruction and fragmentation due to human activities.

58
Q

I - Invasive Species

A

Non-native species disrupting indigenous ecosystems.

59
Q

P - Pollution

A

Degradation caused by chemical pollutants.

60
Q

P - Population

A

Rapid human population growth increasing pressure on resources.

61
Q

O - Overexploitation

A

Excessive harvesting threatening species survival.

62
Q

Example of Efforts to Protect Biodiversity - CITES

A

International agreement to prevent illegal trade of endangered species.

63
Q

Example of Efforts to Protect Biodiversity - Endangered Species Act

A

Act to identify, protect, and recover endangered species.

64
Q

Endemic Species

A

Species found in a specific habitat and nowhere else.

65
Q

Keystone Species

A

Species that play a large role in maintaining ecosystem structure.

66
Q

Invasive Species

A

Non-native organisms causing harm by disrupting balance.

67
Q

Intrinsic Value

A

Value of a species or ecosystem by existing, regardless of usefulness.

68
Q

Instrumental Value

A

Value based on benefits and services provided to humans.

69
Q

Ecosystem Goods and Services

A

Benefits obtained from natural ecosystems.

70
Q

Contrast Productive and Consumptive Use

A

Consumptive use is for personal consumption; productive use is for profit.

71
Q

Ecosystem Valuation

A

Assigning value to goods and services provided by ecosystems.

72
Q

Effect of Climatic Factors on Biome Formation

A

Temperature and precipitation patterns largely determine biome development.

73
Q

Biome

A

Large-scale ecological zone characterized by climate and vegetation.

74
Q

Define a Biome and Contrast with Ecosystem

A

Biome is large-scale, defined by climate; ecosystem is a smaller unit with organisms and their interactions.

75
Q

Ecosystem

A

Community of living organisms interacting with each other and their environment.

76
Q

A Hypothesis Must Be

A

Clear, testable, measurable, contain independent and dependent variables.

Env. Science (1 decks)

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