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NCE Exam > Environmental Sicknesses > Flashcards

Environmental Sicknesses Flashcards

1
Q

Athletes in a high-altitude area will experience…

A
  • increased BR
  • increased HR
  • increased hemoglobin in circulating blood
  • increased blood alkalinity
  • increased myoglobin
  • dehydration
  • changes in distribution of BF and cell enzyme activity
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2
Q

How long is the adjustment period for athletes in high-altitude areas?

A

2-3 weeks

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3
Q

Acute Mountain Sickness is experienced between which heights?

A

7,000-8,000 feet

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4
Q

Which symptoms are associated with Acute Mountain Sickness?

A

HA, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance, dyspnea

  • tissue disruption in brain which affects Na and K balance
  • causes excess fluid retention
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5
Q

What is HAPE? What elevation does it occur at and what are the S&S?

A

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema

  • 9,000-10,000 feet
  • fluid retention within alveolar walls
  • fluid is collected instead of absorbed
  • dyspnea, cough, HA, weakness, unconsciousness
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6
Q

What is HACE? What is the prevalence and what are the S&S?

A

High Altitude Cerebral Edema

  • 1% prevalence
  • leads to increased intracranial pressure
  • result of increased cerebral blood flow due to increased permeability of cerebral endothelium
  • severe HA, mental dysfunction (hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, coma) and neurological abnormalities (loss of coordination, paralysis, cerebellar signs)
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7
Q

Explain Sickle Cell Reaction Trait.

A
  • 8-10% of African Americans, most is benign
  • abnormal hemoglobin molecules become deoxygenated and clump together
  • Results in an abnormal red blood cell shape
  • causes enlarged spleen at risk of rupturing at high altitudes
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8
Q

How much time must pass before resuming play after the last sound of thunder?

A

30 mins

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9
Q

What do you do if you hear thunder or see lightning?

A
  • seek shelter (indoors or in car)
  • avoid standing near tall objects, metal objects, or water
  • find an area of lower elevation (valley, ditch, ravine)
  • do not lie flat on the ground, crouch
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10
Q

What are the S&S an individual may experience when there is an increase in the ozone?

A
  • shortness of breath, coughing, chest tightness, pain with deep breathing, nausea, eye irritation, fatigue, lung irritation
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11
Q

How can you prevent sickness from air pollution?

A
  • participate in activity after commuter traffic has lessened
  • when ambient temperatures have lowered
  • when ozone levels are decreased (ozone levels rise at dawn, peak at mid day and reduce after evening rush hour)
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12
Q

What is the Heat Balance Equation?

A 
S= overal heat storage
M= metabolic heat production
E= evaportation
R= radiation
C= convection
K= conduction

S= M - (+- work) - E +- R +- C+- K

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13
Q

What factors are included in heat related illnesses?

A
  • humidity/wind
  • acclimatization
  • hydration
  • clothing/equipment
  • intensity of activity
  • age
  • general health
  • living/working environment
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14
Q

How does the body involuntarily contract muscles to produce heat?

A

shivering

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15
Q

What are the core body temperatures of Heat Exhaustion, Heat Stroke, and Exertional Heat stroke? Which is more severe? Which occurs in cooler environments?

A

Heat Exhaustion - 36-40 degrees C
Heat Stroke - above 40 degrees C
Exertional Heat Stroke - above 40.5 degrees C, occurs in cooler environments

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16
Q

Which heat related illness is common during the first 5 days of acclimatization?

A

Heat syncope

17
Q

What are the differences between heat exhaustion and heat stroke?

A

Heat exhaustion

  • core body temp - 36-40 degrees C
  • allows heat loss through evaporation (sweating)
  • cool clammy skin, often gray
  • profuse sweating
  • nausea

Heat Stroke

  • core temp above 40 degrees C
  • most severe
  • comes after Heat Exhaustion
  • no sweating, body cannot cool itself off
  • thermoregulatory mechanisms are overwhelmed and stop functioning
  • brain and other organs begin to fail
  • can lead to seizures, coma, death
18
Q

What are heat cramps?

A
  • painful spasms that occur after periods of physical exertion
  • fluid and electrolyte imbalances
  • neuromuscular fatigue
19
Q

What is the course of treatment for Heat Cramps?

A
  • remove from heat
  • rest
  • slow passive stretching
  • fluid replacement
  • ice to spasms
20
Q

What is the course of treatment for Heat Syncope?

A
  • ensure ABCs
  • move to shade
  • lay supine or side-lying
  • rehydrate once alert
  • monitor vitals
21
Q

What is the course of treatment for Heat Exhaustion?

A
  • Move to cool shady place
  • move as much clothing/equipment as possible
  • fan the body
  • apply wet towels, ice to groin, armpit, neck
  • if alert - sports drink or water
  • evaluate mental status
  • assess vital signs
  • provide O2
  • NO RTP!
  • EAP - if LOC, symptoms do not decrease within 30 mins, temp stays elevated
22
Q

What is the course of treatment for Heat Stroke?

A
  • activate EAP
  • remove from heat
  • remove clothing
  • cool the body - ice packs, ice bath, water immersion
  • maintain ABCs
  • provide O2
  • monitor vitals
  • do NOT give anything orally
23
Q

What core temperatures are found at Mild, Moderate, and Severe hypothermia?

A

Mild - 37-35 degrees C
Moderate - 34-32 degrees C
Severe - below 32 degrees C

24
Q

What is the course treatment for hypothermia?

A
  • remove from cold
  • remove cold or wet clothing
  • wrap in dry blankets
  • handle athlete gently
  • if alert - give WARM liquids to drink
  • do not rub extremities
  • start gradual rewarming of trunk, axilla, groin, head (rapid warming can cause cardiac arrhythmia)
25
Q

Signs and symptoms of mild hypothermia?

A
  • 37-35 degrees C
  • lethargy, shivering, pallor, decreased fine motor control
  • BP within normal ranges
  • typically conscious
26
Q

Signs and symptoms of moderate hypothermia?

A
  • 34-32 degrees C
  • no shivering, decreased gross motor control, slurred speech
  • decreased BP, HR, BR, cyanosis, arrhythmia
  • decreased LOC, dilated pupils
27
Q

Signs and symptoms of severe hypothermia?

A
  • below 32 degrees C
  • rigidity
  • bradycardia, severely depressed BR, hypotension, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest
  • Comatose
28
Q

What causes Heat Syncope?

A
  • prolonged standing, immediate cessation of activity, dehydration
  • S&S - collapse/fainting
29
Q

What are symptoms of chilblains (pernio), and how can you manage it?

A

edema
redness
blistering
burning/itching

Management - gradual warming, exercise, NO massage or heat, nifedipine for severe cases

30
Q

What can happen with severe sunburns over large areas of the body?

A

inflammation, shock, malfunctioning of organs, and infection of sweat glands & hair follicles

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