ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 1st EXAMINATION Flashcards
it is a place where different things are such as a wet or hot environment.
Environment
It can be living (biotic) or non-living (abiotic) community, which includes three essential forces: physical, chemical, and natural.
Environment
defines the systematized body of knowledge that builds and organizes a lot of information in a different form of testable experiments and predictions about everything in the universe.
Science
is an interdisciplinary academic field in science that integrates all the physical, biological, and information to the study of the environment, and the solution to environmental problems.
Environmental Science
is a branch of biology concerning interactions among organisms, and their biophysical environment includes both biotic and abiotic components
Ecology
The study of matter, its properties, how and why substances combine or separate to form other elements, and how elements interact with energy.
Chemistry
is a group of different individual life that inhibit the plant Earth. That varies on their genetic component and adaptation to the environment
Biodiversity
In the _________ biodiversity is composed of animals on land usually greater near the equator, which is an indicator of the warming of the climate
terrestrial
is considered an environment is naturally occurring toa specific organism to survive
Habitat
A ___ ____ is those places where the species can find food, shelter, protection, and mates for reproduction.
species habitat
Both physical and biological features characterize it
Habitat
The ability of a system to exist continually at a cost, in a universe that evolves in the state of entropy toward the thermodynamic equilibrium of the planet.
Sustainability
is a branch of philosophy that could somehow be systematized, defend, recommend, and identify what right and wrong behavior is.
Ethics
In the 21st century, it generally refers to the capacity for the biosphere and human civilization to coexist.
Sustainability
is a discipline in philosophy that studies or focus on the moral relationship among human beings to the value and moral status of the environment, which includes plants and animals.
For the environmental Ethics
is a community comprised of living organisms in conjunction or in relationship with the nonliving components of their specific environment that interact with each other.
The ecosystem
It is the process of all plants that transform into the release of energy ATP. During this process, the light energy of the sun is captured. There is a conversion of water, some mineral and carbon dioxide, and a certain amount of oxygen needed by animals to survive.
Photosynthesis.
s a basic unit of classifying and identifying the taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity
A species
A linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms and ending at apex predator species, detritivores, or decomposer species.
Food Chain
The natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community.
Food Web
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physicalenvironment.
Ecosystem
a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. forest or tundra.
Biome
the plants of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
Flora
the animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
Fauna
an area or division, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries.
Region
The word “science” is simply an anglicized version of the Latin “______-,” which means knowledge.
Scientia
It is defined as the circumstances surrounding an organism or group of organisms or the complex social or cultural conditions affecting each organism in the given biotic and abiotic community.
Environment.
it is the systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it. A highly interdisciplinary, integrating natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities in a broad, holistic study of the world around us. It is the foundation is ecology and is more concerned on human impact on the environment
Environmental Science
How does energy production affects populations?
Ecology
How can we make better batteries?
Chemistry
What urban designs can reduce energy use?
Urban Planning
How do people adopt new ideas?
Sociology
Which policies lead to sustainable solutions?
Political Science
Can we design better vehicles?
Engineering
What are the benefits and costs of energy sources?
Economics
encompasses environmental health and protection and depicted as an ideology, philosophy, and social movement, including all aspects covering the changing environment of the Earth.
Environmentalism
During 1960-1970 marks the beginning of Modern Environmental Movement and the establishment of ____ _____ _____ which was created to protect animals and places from human developmental activities.
World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
It began after the industrial revolution when there was an increase of smoke pollution and chemical discharge which led to the formation of modern environmental laws. In 1863, Britain’s Alkali Acts were passed to combat air pollution. In 1898, Coal Smoke Abatement Society was established in response to coal combustion leading to heavy smoke in industrial cities. After World War II, the industrialization expansion was stupendous that led to economic development and brought nature degradation. With each passing day, the people became environmentally conscious. With this, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1948was created to protect and preserve nature in its original form. The Clean Air Act 1956was formed following the London Smog Episode (Great Smog of London) 1952. It initially aimed to limit air pollution by controlling the emission of air pollutants.
Environmentalism
The ____ _____ in Agriculture 1966was initiated to understand the negative impacts of uncontrolled and unregulated use of pesticides and fertilizers on the environment. It was intended on improving agriculture using environmental-friendly techniques.
Green Revolution
____ (___) which aimed to ensure environmental health by negotiation policies and acts; US EPA which was created in 1970 to monitor human activities that are negatively impacting the environment of the Earth; and Greenpeace(1971), a campaign of committed individuals who tried to stop the American Nuclear Weapon test.
NEPA (1969)
____ _____ _____ (__) is an international movement that aims to encourage social, economic, and environmental justice by identifying the connection between health and environmental issues began in response to the unjust treatment of low-income communities that were exposed to environmental pollution.
Environmental Justice Movement (1980)
The _____- disaster in 1986 was a massive environmental issue. Hence, the Brundtland Report in 1987 (Our Common Future, 1987)brought more consciousness among people and the Earth Summit in 1992 discussed the socio-economic development along with ways to solve problems concerning environmental protection.
Chernobyl
is constantly developing and dealing with new environmental concerns including plastic pollution, genetic engineering, global warming, overpopulation, etc.
Environmentalism
It studies the ethical basis of environment or discussion of the ethical basisof environmental protection. It also deals with the moral relationship of humanbeings to and the value and moral status of the environment and its nonhumancontent.
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
The Greeks granted ___ ____-, or worth, only to adult male citizens within their community. Women, slaves, and children had few rights and were essentially treated as property. Over time we have gradually extended our sense of moral value to a broader circle, an idea known as ethical extensions.
moral value
The Greeks granted moral value, or worth, only to adult male citizens within their community. Women, slaves, and children had few rights and were essentially treated as property. Over time we have gradually extended our sense of moral value to a broader circle, an idea known as ____ ___.
ethical extensions
How we treat other people, animals, or things, can also depend on whether we believe they have _____ _____—an intrinsic right to exist
inherent value
_____ _____ (they have value because they are useful to someone who matters). If I hurt you, I owe you an apology. If I borrow your car and smash it into a tree, I don’t owe the car an excuse. I owe you an apology—or reimbursement.
instrumental value
It is anything that can occupy space and has a mass. Solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bosh Einstein Condensate are the phases of matter that constitute the arrangement of the structures and properties of atoms.
Matter
Energy is conserved; it is neither created nor destroyed under normal conditions
First Law of Thermodynamics
With each successive energy transfer or transformation in a system, less energy is available. That energy is degraded to lower-quality forms or it dissipates and is lost as it is used. When you drive a car, for example, the gas’s chemical energy is degraded to kinetic energy and heat, dissipating, eventually, to space. second law recognizes that disorder, or entropy, tends to increase in all-natural systems.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Kadtong corn nga tree
Coniferous Forest
Where rainfall is plentiful
Deciduous
Wide range temperature moisture
Coniferous
It is defined as the circumstances surrounding an organism or group of organisms or the complex social or cultural conditions affecting each organism in the given biotic and abiotic community. However, human being inhabits the natural world, as well as the, built the environment or the technological, social, and cultural world, all constitute essential parts of our environment.
Environment
it is the systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it. A highly interdisciplinary, integrating natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities in a broad, holistic study of the world around us. It is the foundation is ecology and is more concerned on human impact on the environment
Environmental Science
It began after the industrial revolution when there was an increase of smoke pollution and chemical discharge which led to the formation of modern environmental laws.
Environmentalism
encompasses environmental health and protection and depicted as an ideology, philosophy, and social movement, including all aspects covering the changing environment of the Earth.
Environmentalism
It began after the industrial revolution when there was an increase of smoke pollution and chemical discharge which led to the formation of modern environmental laws. In 1863, Britain’s Alkali Acts were passed to combat air pollution.
Environmentalism
In 1898, ____ _____ ____ Society was established in response to coal combustion leading to heavy smoke in industrial cities. After World War II, the industrialization expansion was stupendous that led to economic development and brought nature degradation. With each passing day, the people became environmentally conscious. With this, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1948was created to protect and preserve nature in its original form. The Clean Air Act 1956was formed following the London Smog Episode (Great Smog of London) 1952. It initially aimed to limit air pollution by controlling the emission of air pollutants.
Coal Smoke Abatement
In 1898, Coal Smoke Abatement Society was established in response to coal combustion leading to heavy smoke in industrial cities. After World War II, the industrialization expansion was stupendous that led to economic development and brought nature degradation. With each passing day, the people became environmentally conscious. With this, the ____ _____ _____ _____ ____ (___) in 1948was created to protect and preserve nature in its original form. The Clean Air Act 1956was formed following the London Smog Episode (Great Smog of London) 1952. It initially aimed to limit air pollution by controlling the emission of air pollutants.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
In 1898, Coal Smoke Abatement Society was established in response to coal combustion leading to heavy smoke in industrial cities. After World War II, the industrialization expansion was stupendous that led to economic development and brought nature degradation. With each passing day, the people became environmentally conscious. With this, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1948was created to protect and preserve nature in its original form. ___ ____ ____ ____ ___ was formed following the London Smog Episode (Great Smog of London) 1952. It initially aimed to limit air pollution by controlling the emission of air pollutants.
The Clean Air Act 1956
During 1960-1970 marks the beginning of ____ _____ ____ and the establishment of World Wildlife Fund (WWF) which was created to protect animals and places from human developmental activities
Modern Environmental Movement
During 1960-1970 marks the beginning of Modern Environmental Movement and the establishment of ___ ____ ___ (__) which was created to protect animals and places from human developmental activities
World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
The _____ ______ in Agriculture _____ was initiated to understand the negative impacts of uncontrolled and unregulated use of pesticides and fertilizers on the environment. It was intended on improving agriculture using environmental-friendly techniques.
Green Revolution (1966)
Other environmental movements flourished during this decade such as _____ (___) which aimed to ensure environmental health by negotiation policies and acts
NEPA (1969)
____ _____ which was created in ____ to monitor human activities that are negatively impacting the environment of the Earth.
US EPA (1970)
_________ (___) , a campaign of committed individuals who tried to stop the American Nuclear Weapon test.
Greenpeace(1971)
______ _______ ______ (___) is an international movement that aims to encourage social, economic, and environmental justice by identifying the connection between health and environmental issues began in response to the unjust treatment of low-income communities that were exposed to environmental pollution.
Environmental Justice Movement (1980)
Because of Environmental Justice Movement (1980) many conferences were organized that included ___ _____ in ____ (United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 1972), Montreal protocol in 1987 (The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987), and Kyoto protocol in 1997, etc.
Stockholm conference (1972)
Because of Environmental Justice Movement (1980) many conferences were organized that included Stockholm Conference in 1972 (United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 1972), _____ ______ in ___ (The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987), and Kyoto protocol in 1997, etc.
Montreal protocol (1987)
The ____ _____ in ____ was a massive environmental issue. Hence, the Brundtland Report in 1987 (Our Common Future, 1987)brought more consciousness among people and the Earth Summit in 1992 discussed the socio-economic development along with ways to solve problems concerning environmental protection.
Chernobyl disaster 1986
Because of Environmental Justice Movement (1980) many conferences were organized that included Stockholm Conference in 1972 (United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 1972), Montreal protocol in 1987 (The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987), and ____ _____ in _____-, etc.
Kyoto protocol in 1997
The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 was a massive environmental issue. Hence, the ____ _____ in _____ (Our Common Future, 1987) brought more consciousness among people and the Earth Summit in 1992 discussed the socio-economic development along with ways to solve problems concerning environmental protection.
Brundtland Report in 1987
The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 was a massive environmental issue. Hence, the Brundtland Report in 1987 (Our Common Future, 1987)brought more consciousness among people and the ____ ____ in ____ discussed the socio-economic development along with ways to solve problems concerning environmental protection.
Earth Summit in 1992
________ in the new millennium kicked off with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2000 which based on eight goals to be achieved before 2015 which was reenforced with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in 2015 as set during the United Nation General Assembly to be achieved before 2030 that aims for the future through sustainable approaches.
Environmentalism
Environmentalism in the new millennium kicked off with the _____ _______ _______ (_____) 2000 which based on eight goals to be achieved before 2015 which was reenforced with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in 2015 as set during the United Nation General Assembly to be achieved before 2030 that aims for the future through sustainable approaches.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Environmentalism in the new millennium kicked off with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2000 which based on ____ _____ to be achieved before 2015 which was reenforced with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in 2015 as set during the United Nation General Assembly to be achieved before 2030 that aims for the future through sustainable approaches.
eight goals
Environmentalism in the new millennium kicked off with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2000 which based on eight goals to be achieved before 2015 which was reenforced with the ____ ______ ______ _____ (___) in 2015 as set during the United Nation General Assembly to be achieved before 2030 that aims for the future through sustainable approaches.
17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
Environmentalism in the new millennium kicked off with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2000 which based on eight goals to be achieved before 2015 which was reenforced with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in 2015 as set during the United Nation General Assembly to be achieved before ____ that aims for the future through sustainable approaches.
2030
The second Earth Summit which was dubbed as the ____ ____ _____ _____ ______ was held in 2002 to discuss and organize sustainable development approaches. The key focus was solving problems of the growing population along with increasing demand for energy, water, and food resources
World Summit on Sustainable Development
the _____ ______ in _____ that aimed to limit the global emission of greenhouse gases to reduce rising global temperature, mitigating and adapting to climate change.
Paris Agreement in 2015
International environmental treaties were also established such as ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ in _____ which aimed to reduce or limit the production, manufacturing, and utilization of persistent organic pollutants
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001
______ is constantly developing and dealing with new environmental concerns including plastic pollution, genetic engineering, global warming, overpopulation, etc.
Environmentalism
Moral views in society also changeover time. In ____ _____, many philosophers who were concerned with ethics and morality owned slaves; today, few societies condone slavery. Most societies now believe it is wrong, or unethical, to treat other humans as property.
ancient Greece
It studies the ethical basis of environment or discussion of the ethical basis of environmental protection. It also deals with the moral relationship of human beings to and the value and moral status of the environment and its nonhuman content. The ways we interpret environmental issues, or our decisions about what we should or should not do with natural resources, depend partly on our underlying worldviews. Perhaps you have a primary ethical assumption that you should be kind to your neighbors or try to contribute in positive ways to your community.
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
The ______ granted moral value, or worth, only to adult male citizens within their community. Women, slaves, and children had few rights and were essentially treated as property. Over time we have gradually extended our sense of moral value to a broader circle, an idea known as ethical extensions
Greeks
The Greeks granted moral value, or worth, only to adult male citizens within their community. Women, slaves, and children had few rights and were essentially treated as property. Over time we have gradually extended our sense of moral value to a broader circle, an idea known as ____ _____
ethical extensions
an intrinsic right to exist
Inherent value
____ _____ (they have value because they are useful to someone who matters). If I hurt you, I owe you an apology. If I borrow your car and smash it into a tree, I don’t owe the car an excuse. I owe you an apology—or reimbursement.
instrumental value
Environmental Ethics and Principle:
- Profound respect for nature
- Maintain a harmonious relationship with other species
- Take responsibility for the impact on nature
- Local and indigenous environmental knowledge should be respected
- Plan for the long term
Solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bosh Einstein Condensate are the phases of _____ that constitute the arrangement of the structures and properties of atoms.
matter
_____ provides the force to hold matter together, tear it apart, and move from one place to another.
Energy
It is anything that can occupy space and has a mass.
Matter
All life is made of matter. It cannot be created nor destroyed, recycled nor transformed as stated in the ____ _____ ______ ___ ______.
Law of Conservation of Matter.
The energy in moving objects is called ___ _____
Kinetic Energy.
the stored energy, latent and ready to use is called ____ _____
Potential Energy
the energy stored in food or carbon compounds is called ____ ____
Chemical Energy.
___ ____ ____ has a direct bearing on human relationship with the biosphere since we use natural resources to produce a tremendous amount of disposable goods such as Styrofoam cups, plastics bags and other synthetic items that aggravate the garbage problem which eventually becomes a major and permanent pollutants.
Conservation of matter
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
- Ecosystem
a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. forest or tundra.
- Biome
the plants of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
- Flora
the animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
- Fauna
an area or division, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries.
- Region
are diverse biological communities where various plants and animal species share common characteristics for the environment, they are thriving in. They are formed in response to a shared physical climate and on the world’s different continents. While these local communities have distinctive characteristics, they can understand concerning a few general groups with the same climate conditions, patterns of growth, and vegetation types.
Biomes
Above the equator and below 30 degrees north is the?
Tropic of Cancer
Below the equator and above the 30 Degrees south is the?
Tropic of Capricorn
supports the world’s one of the most complex and biologically rich biome. These forests do share standard features such as rainfall and unchanging temperatures
tropical moist forest
tropical moist forest types
cool cloud forests and tropical rainforest
Above the equator and above 60 degrees is the?
Arctic Circle
found in high mountains where fog and mist provide sufficient moisture for the vegetation.
COOL CLOUD FOREST - tropical moist forest
has an abundant rainfall per year (more than 200 cm.) and warm to hot temperatures all year round.
tropical rainforest - tropical moist forest
In mountainous regions, temperatures are more relaxed, and precipitation is usually more significant at high elevations. Communities can transition quickly from warm and dry to cold and wet as you go up a mountain. _____ _____ refers to the vegetation zones defined by altitude.
Vertical zonation
Both tropical moist forests have an old, thin, acidic, and nutrient-poor soil. However, the presence of species on these forests is overwhelming in the canopy of the _____ _____, where millions of insect species are present.
tropical rainforest
Although the temperatures are hot throughout the year, wet and dry seasons are the distinct characteristics of many tropical regions. These are the areas that support drought-tolerant forests that are dormant and appear to be brown during the dry season; however, they will turn into the vibrant green during rainy months.
Tropical Seasonal
____ _____ ______ have annual dry seasons but with periodic rain to support tree growth. The trees and shrubs that grow in these forests are drought- deciduous in which during drought or water is unavailable, will lose their leaves and cease to grow. Moreover, they are often open woodlands that grade into savannahs.
Tropical seasonal forests
Both ____ and _______ are areas with too little rainfall to support forests
grasslands and savannahs
the ____ have thin tree cover
the savannahs have thin tree cover
The plants in these areas have adaptations to survive drought, heat, and even fires. Many of these plants have long-lived roots that seek deep ground water and can persist even the leaves and stems die.
Tropical Savannas and Grasslands
Like tropical seasonal forests, most ___ ____ ____ _____ have a rainy season, but typically, rains are less abundant than in a forest.
tropical savannahs and grasslands
_____ occur when rainfall is rare and unpredictable (less than 30 cm) and hot or cold yet always dry. The vegetation in _____ is remarkably diverse, although sparse.
Deserts
Well- adapted plants have water-storing leaves and stems, thick epidermal layers to prevent excessive water loss and salt tolerance. Most _____ plants and animals are adapting to prolonged droughts, and both extreme heat and cold. Whenever spring rainfalls, most of these plants blossom and rapidly dispose of seeds.
desert
As in tropical latitudes, ____ (mid-latitude) _____ occur where there is enough rain to support abundant grass but not enough for forests.
temperate grasslands
______ are involved with diverse grasses and flowering herbaceous plants or forbs that create a colorful grassland during summer. Vegetation can be less than a meter in dry ________ while in more humid areas, the vegetation can exceed two meters. The accumulation of dead leaves during the annual winter produces thick and organic-rich soil where roots can dig deep to survive drought, fire, and extreme heat and cold.
grasslands
Dry environments can be biologically rich, where they can support drought- adapted trees, shrubs, and grasses. In Mediterranean areas, hot season coincides with dry season creating warm, dry summers and cold, moist winters. Dense thickets are forming from evergreen shrubs with small, leathery, hard, and waxy (_____) leaves—a cluster of shrub oaks, dry-resistant pines, or other small trees in sheltering valleys. Due to fuel-rich plant assemblage, periodic fires burn ferociously, allowing plant succession and spring flowers to bloom abundantly. Temperate shrublands or chaparral (Sp. Thicket) have summer droughts.
sclerophyllous
Dry environments can be biologically rich, where they can support drought- adapted trees, shrubs, and grasses. In Mediterranean areas, hot season coincides with dry season creating warm, dry summers and cold, moist winters. Dense thickets are forming from evergreen shrubs with small, leathery, hard, and waxy (sclerophyllous) leaves—a cluster of shrub oaks, dry-resistant pines, or other small trees in sheltering valleys. Due to fuel-rich plant assemblage, periodic fires burn ferociously, allowing plant succession and spring flowers to bloom abundantly. ____ ____ or chaparral (Sp. Thicket) have summer droughts.
Temperate shrublands
can be evergreen or deciduous
Temperate forests
occupy a wide range of precipitation conditions, mainly between 30 and 55-degrees.
Temperate or midlatitude forests
In general, we can group these forests by tree type, which can be broadleaf deciduous (losing leaves seasonally) or evergreen coniferous (cone-bearing).
Temperate Forests
which can be broadleaf (losing leaves seasonally)
deciduous - Temperate Forests
evergreen (cone-bearing).
coniferous - Temperate Forests
____ ______ occur throughout the world, where rainfall is plentiful, in mid-latitudes, deciduous forests located in the forest lose their leaves during winter. The loss of green pigments in plants produces brilliant colors in the forest during the autumn season. ___ ____ are evergreen or drought- deciduous, such as Southern live oaks usually found at a lower latitude. Deciduous forests can regrow very fast since they inhabit warm, moderate climates.
Broadleaf forests - (Deciduous Forests)
____ _____ can regrow very fast since they inhabit warm, moderate climates.
Deciduous forests
These forests grow in a wide range of temperatures and moisture conditions. They occur in a limited moisture area that may experience cold climates such as winter wherein moisture is unavailable (frozen), and hot climates might have a seasonal drought.
Coniferous Forests
It also includes sandy soils that hold little moisture that is often occupied by conifers. Water loss of these trees reduced by thin, waxy leaves common to pine needles.
Coniferous Forests
The _____ _____ of the Pacific coast grows in extremely wet conditions.
coniferous forest
Rainy forests often enclosed in fog, cool in temperature, and the most humid coastal forests are known as _____ _____. Condensation in the canopy (leaf drip) is a significant source of precipitation in the understory.
temperate rainforest
Since conifers can survive winter cold, they tend to limit the existence of ____ _____ or northern forest between about 50° and 60° north.
boreal forest
Numerous qualities and types of ____ ____ in the mountainous areas are at a lower latitude where dominant trees are pines, hemlocks, spruce, cedar, and fir.
boreal forest
_____ _____ , such as taiga (snow forest), known by its Russian name, describe as extreme, and ragged edge where forest progressively gives way to open tundra. In this area, extreme cold and short summer limit the growth rate of trees. About 10 cm diameter of trees may be over 200 years old in the far north.
Boreal forest
____ _____ occur at high latitudes.
Boreal forests
It is a treeless landscape located in the mountaintops or high latitudes, and the growing season of this biome is only two to three months.
Tundra
It may have frosted any month of the year, and most of the year, temperatures are below the freezing point where only small, hardy vegetation can survive. It can freeze in any month.
Tundra
It is an extended biome that has a short growing season. Hence, it has low productivity. During midsummer, however, 24-hour sunshine supports the booming of plant growth and plenty of insect’s life. _____ _____ is essential for birds as well as to global biodiversity.
Arctic tundra
It has a similar environmental condition and vegetation to the arctic tundra. It occurs on near mountaintops, and these zones have a short and extraordinary growing season. Often one sees a mind-blowing abundance of flowers. Hence, everything must bloom immediately to create seeds in half a month before the arrival of snow.
Alpine Tundra
Numerous _____ _____ plants have deep pigmentation and weathered leaves to secure against the sunlight in the thin mountain atmosphere. Compared to other biomes, the tundra has relatively low diversity.
alpine tundra
The oceans cover ____-_____ of the Earth’s surface, and it has an essential role but often unrecognized compared to terrestrial ecosystems.
three- fourths
_______, free-floating photosynthetic plants, microscopic algae are essential to support the marine food web.
Phytoplankton
The ____ _____ is usually associated with a biological desert since it generally has low productivity. But like terrestrial deserts, the ___ ____ has areas of productive richness and diversity.
open ocean
Most of the marine species depend on ____ organisms the same as terrestrial animals.
photosynthetic
Fish and plankton abound in regions such as the ___ ____ and ___ ___, where currents distribute nutrients.
equatorial Pacific and Antarctic oceans
____ ___ (middle of the Pacific Ocean) communities vary from surface to hadal zones.
Open ocean
have high biological productivity and diversity due to the abundant nutrients that came from the land.
Estuaries
Who studies the ocean
Oceanographers
____ _____ are known in marine ecosystems because of their exceptional biological productivity and their diverse, beautiful organisms—it form clusters as colonial animals (coral polyps) that live symbiotically with photosynthetic algae.
Corals reefs
excessive loads of nutrients may stimulate bacterial growth that consumes oxygen in the water, which is more than 200 “___ ____” occur in coastal zones.
dead zones
What enables corals to build-up to make reefs, atolls, and islands.
Their Calcium-rich coral skeletons
It protects shorelines and shelter of countless species of fish, worms, crustaceans, and other life-forms.
Reefs
Elevated water temperatures cause ___ _____, in which corals expel their algal partner and then die.
coral bleaching
___-___ corals exist where water is shallow and clear enough for sunlight to reach the photosynthetic algae.
Reef-building
One of the biggest threats to reefs is?
Global warming
are trees that grow in saltwater
Mangroves
It is where the mangroves live
Swaps
______ are bays where river water meets the sea; hence, there is a mixing of saltwater and freshwater.
Estuaries
____ ______ may experience violent, wave-blasted shorelines that support enchanting life-forms.
tide pools
They take place along calm, shallow, tropical coastlines around the world.
Mangroves
____ _____ are shallow wetlands flooded regularly or occasionally and drained by seawater, usually on shallow coastlines, including estuaries.
Salt marshes
It help stabilize shorelines, and they are also significant nurseries for fish, shrimp, and other commercial species.
Swamps
___ ____ are depressions in a rocky shoreline that are flooded at high tide but retain some water at low tide. These areas remain rocky, where wave action prevents most plant growth or sediment (mud) accumulation.
Tide pools
____ ____ are low, narrow, sandy islands that form parallel to a coastline.
Barrier islands
______ environments are not that wide as the marine ecosystem, but they are abundant and center of biodiversity.
Freshwater
They occur where the continental shelf is shallow, and rivers or coastal currents provide a steady source of sediments. They protect brackish(moderately salty), inshore lagoons and salt marshes from storms, waves, and tides.
Barrier islands
Most of the terrestrial communities rely relatively on _____ habitats.
freshwater
Close to the surface, a subcommunity of _____, primarily microscopic plants, animals, and protists (single-celled organisms such as amoebae), float freely in the water column.
plankton - Lakes (freshwater lakes)
Close to the surface, a subcommunity of plankton, primarily microscopic plants, animals, and protists (single-celled organisms such as amoebae), float freely in the water column.
Lakes (freshwater lakes)
unless shallow, have a warmer upper layer mixed with wind and warmed by the sun.
Lakes
Lakes, unless shallow, have a warmer upper layer mixed with wind and warmed by the sun. This layer is the _____.
epilimnion
Some insects may live at the air- water interface such as water strider and mosquitoes. The fish move through the water column, sometimes close to the surface and sometimes at depth.
Lakes (freshwater lakes)
a variety of snails, burrowing worms, fish, and other organisms occupy the bottom or _____. They make up the benthic community. They are reducing the levels of oxygen in the benthic environment, primarily because there is little mixing to introduce oxygen to this zone.
benthos - Lakes (freshwater lakes)
______ (not using oxygen) may exist in low-oxygen sediments. In the littoral zone, arising of plants such as cattails and rushes grow in the bottom sediment.
Anaerobic bacteria
a colder, deeper layer that is not combined.
hypolimnion (hypo = below)
You may have found the sharp temperature limit known as the ______- between these layers on the off chance that you have swum in a moderately deep lake.
thermocline
You may have found the sharp temperature limit known as the thermocline between these layers on the off chance that you have swum in a moderately deep lake. Underneath this limit, the water is a lot colder. This limit is likewise called the ______.
mesolimbic
Local conditions that influence the characteristics of an aquatic community include:
- Excess nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates
- suspended matter, such as silt that affects light penetration
- depth
- temperature
- currents
- bottom characteristics, such as muddy, sandy, or rocky floor
- internal currents
- connections to, or isolation from, other aquatic and terrestrial system
_____ have vegetation that is adjusted to develop under saturated conditions. These are shallow and beneficial. These relatively small systems rich in biodiversity and are essential for both breeding and migratory birds.
Wetlands
are shallow biological systems where the land surface is saturated or lowered in the late part of the year.
Wetlands
are wetlands without trees.
Marshes
______ catch, and often purify industrial and farm wastewater, while bacteria and plants consume the nutrients and pollutants in the water. Its biodiversity as _____.
Wetlands
are wetlands with trees.
Swamps
_______ may gradually convert to terrestrial communities as they with sediment, and as the vegetation slowly fills in towards the center. This process often accelerated by increased sediment loads from urban development, farms, and roads.
Wetlands
are areas of concentrated land, and usually, the ground is comprised of deep layers of accumulated, undecayed vegetation known as peat.
Bogs
are like bogs except that they are mainly fed by groundwater, so they have mineral-rich water and exceptionally adapted plant species. Bogs are primarily fed by precipitation.
Fens
Environmental Variables Affecting the Biomes. ENUMERATE.
- SUNLIGHT
- TEMPERATURE.
- WATER AND DISSOLVED SALTS.
- OXYGEN.
- METABOLIC WASTE.
- NUTRIENTS.
____ and _____, mostly nutrient-poor and have limited environmental efficiency.
Bogs and fens
___ and _____ provide a significant degree of ecological sustainability.
Swamps and marches
Organisms can survive within a specific, limited range of ______. If the body ______ either rises above or falls below that range, the critical chemical reactions in the tissues get “out of synch” with one another, resulting in metabolic chaos.
temperature
___ powers the photosynthesis that supplies energy to nearly all life on earth. It is also essential for vision, which many animals rely on for catching foods, spotting predators, etc.
Sunlight
Precise balance of water, dissolved salts, and organic molecules in the body fluids of organisms must be maintained to keep the cells alive.
- WATER AND DISSOLVED SALTS.
Many plants and animals cannot survive in dry conditions, such as deserts, because they cannot acquire and store water that are needed by their body cells. But some organisms cannot equally live in swamps or marshes because of too much water in the soil. Hence, salinity which is the concentration of dissolved organic salts, affects the ability of the organisms to control their water balance.
- WATER AND DISSOLVED SALTS.
The concentration of available ____ can be important limiting factor in a variety of environments.
oxygen
Bacteria can either be aerobic or anaerobic. Too much oxygen for _______ organisms can be fatal as lack of oxygen is for _____. Air-breathing animals need more oxygen to sustain life.
anaerobic; aerobic
Bacteria can either be ____ or ______. Too much oxygen for anaerobic organisms can be fatal as lack of oxygen is for aerobic. Air-breathing animals need more oxygen to sustain life.
aerobic or anaerobic
Distribution of _____ is important in determining where organisms can grow and where they cannot. The more _____ available in each area, the more living things can successfully survive.
nutrients
All organisms produce ___ _____ products. Plants release oxygen by day, give off carbon dioxide by night, and discard leaves and stems on a seasonal basis. Waste products must enter the biogeochemical cycle wherein they are broken down and carried away.
metabolic waste
Another name for the food web is the
consumer-resource system
study life processes at the microscopic level
cellular and molecular biologists
study interactions at the species, population, biotic community, or ecosystem level.
ecologists
refers to all organisms of the same kind that are genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live, fertile offspring.
Species
consists of all the members of a species living in each area at the same time.
population
An ecological system, or ______, is composed of a biological community and its physical environment.
ecosystem
All the populations of organisms living and interacting in a particular area make up a
biological community
The environment includes ___ ___ (nonliving components), such as climate, water, minerals, and sunlight
abiotic factors
The environment includes ___ ____, such as organisms, their products (secretions, wastes, and remains), and effects in each area.
biotic factors
flows through food chains and food webs in a steady “one way stream”
energy
The ____ captured by producers and consumers is temporarily stored until one organism eats another.
energy
Each of this storage steps along a food chain or food web are called a ___ ____. The producers represent the first ___ ___, herbivores, occupy the second; carnivores that eat herbivores form the third ___ ___, and so on.
trophic level
Using the ecological rule of 10 or the __ ______, an average of only about 10% of energy fixed by plants is ultimately stored by herbivores
10% rule
only 10% of that energy is successfully converted into living tissues by carnivores on the third trophic level. This inefficient energy chains are called ___ ____
ecological pyramids.
Energy Pyramid - Primary producers
100%
Energy Pyramid - Primary Consumers
10%
Energy Pyramid - Secondary Consumers
1%
Energy Pyramid - Third level consumers
.1%
Energy Pyramid - Apex predators
.01%
____ and ___ are processed through the trophic levels of an ecosystem via food chains and food web. At each energy transfer point, less energy is available to do work. So, energy must be supplied to an ecosystem continuously. A primary producer, a herbivore, and a carnivore form a simple chain.
Matter and energy
