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Anatomic Pathology > Environmental Pathology > Flashcards

Environmental Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of all deaths annually is accounted for by alcohol?

A

3.2%

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2
Q

What is the primary cause of 15% of alcohol-related deaths?

A

Cirrhosis

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3
Q

What are the major causes of alcohol-related deaths?

A
  • Drunken driving
  • Alcohol-related homicides
  • Suicides
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4
Q

What are the effects of tobacco on children?

A
  • Increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
  • Increased number of otitis media and upper respiratory infections (URIs)
  • Increased incidence of asthma
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5
Q

What are the effects of tobacco on women?

A
  • Early menopause
  • Increased rate of postmenopausal osteoporosis
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6
Q

What are the effects of tobacco on pregnant women?

A
  • Increased risk of spontaneous abortions and stillbirths
  • Intrauterine growth retardation
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7
Q

List respiratory diseases caused by tobacco.

A
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Emphysema
  • Asthma
  • Increased pulmonary infections
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8
Q

What cardiovascular diseases are majorly caused by tobacco?

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Myocardial infarctions
  • Coronary vasospasm
  • Peripheral vascular disease
  • Aortic aneurysms
  • Buerger’s disease
  • Stroke
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9
Q

What types of cancer can tobacco contribute to?

A
  • Lung
  • Oral cavity, pharynx and larynx
  • Esophagus and stomach
  • Cervical cancer
  • Pancreas
  • Kidney, ureter and bladder
  • Leukemia
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10
Q

What are the two types of smoke produced by tobacco?

A
  • Mainstream smoke
  • Sidestream smoke
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11
Q

How many components and carcinogens are present in tobacco smoke?

A

Over 4,000 components and over 40 known carcinogens

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12
Q

What is acetaldehyde’s role in alcohol toxicity?

A

Responsible for many acute toxicities of alcohol and the development of oral cancers

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13
Q

What happens to people with no acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity when consuming alcohol?

A

Experience nausea, flushing, tachycardia, and hyperventilation

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14
Q

What are the potential beneficial effects of alcohol on the cardiovascular system?

A

In moderation, can reduce cardiovascular disease risk by increasing HDL and reducing platelet aggregation

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15
Q

Name some adverse effects of alcohol on the pancreas.

A
  • Acute pancreatitis
  • Chronic pancreatitis
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16
Q

What are some adverse effects of alcohol on the heart?

A
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy
17
Q

What are the CNS effects of acute alcohol intoxication?

A
  • Inebriation
  • Coma
  • Respiratory arrest
18
Q

What are the gastrointestinal effects of chronic alcoholism?

A
  • Acute gastritis
  • Mallory-Weiss syndrome
19
Q

What are common air pollutants?

A
  • Ozone
  • Sulfur dioxide
  • Soot
  • Carbon monoxide
20
Q

What is the major organ impacted by air pollutants?

A

Lung

21
Q

What is a major effect of ozone as an air pollutant?

A

Injures the alveolar epithelium and induces pulmonary inflammation

22
Q

What is the source and effect of sulfur dioxide?

A
  • Source: Combustion of coal and oil, copper smelting, and paper manufacture
  • Effect: Burning, dyspnea, airway hyper-reactivity
23
Q

What is the effect of carbon monoxide exposure?

A

CNS depression and systemic hypoxia

24
Q

What are some occupational health risks associated with industrial toxins?

A
  • Scrotal cancer from soot
  • Angiosarcoma of the liver from vinyl chloride
  • Lung cancer from uranium and radon gas
25
Q

What are the effects of lead poisoning?

A
  • CNS toxicity
  • Cognitive impairment
  • Abdominal pain
  • Microcytic anemia
26
Q

What are the effects of mercury exposure?

A
  • Nephrotoxicity
  • Neurotoxicity
  • In-utero exposure can cause cerebral palsy
27
Q

What are the acute effects of arsenic poisoning?

A
  • Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
  • CNS toxicity
  • Garlic-scented breath
28
Q

What is the mechanism of cyanide poisoning?

A

Blocks cellular respiration by binding to mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase

29
Q

What is the role of xenobiotics in the body?

A

May be metabolized to water-soluble compounds or toxic metabolites

30
Q

What is the impact of climate change on health?

A
  • Amplified cardiovascular and respiratory diseases
  • Increased gastroenteritis and infection epidemics
31
Q

True or False: Smoking is the most common exogenous cause of human malignancy.

A

True

32
Q

What is the leading global cause of health loss?

A

Undernutrition

33
Q

What are the effects of wood smoke as an indoor air pollutant?

A

Irritation and increased incidence of respiratory infections

34
Q

What is the classification of formaldehyde in terms of health risk?

A

Carcinogen

Anatomic Pathology (2 decks)

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