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BMS2.30 EBM Environmental Influences > Environmental Influences > Flashcards

Environmental Influences Flashcards

1
Q

Teratogens are:

A
  • agents that can cause birth defects.
  • usually something in the environment that the mother may be exposed to during her pregnancy.
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2
Q

Teratogenic susceptibility is greatest during:

A
  • early organogenesis
  • for EACH ORGAN there are critical windows of susceptibility
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3
Q

A baby is most likely to contract Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) if he/she is exposed to Rubella in what trimester?

A
  • highest risk: first trimester
  • lowest risk: third trimester
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4
Q

What is the critical window in fetal development for Rubella to cause Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)?

A
  • 3-8 weeks
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5
Q

Signs of Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS):

A
  • Mental Retardation
  • Low Birth Weight
  • Facial deformities
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6
Q

Congenital rubella syndrome [CRS] is the reason why what vaccine was developed?

A
  • MMR
  • contraindicated during pregnancy
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7
Q

Primary phenotypes of thalidomide toxicity during fetal development:

A
  • Phocomelia (very short limbs)
  • Syndactyly (webbing)
  • Ear and eye defects
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8
Q

What is the critical window in fetal development for Thalidomide toxicity?

A
  • 4-6 weeks
  • upper limb development is 4-5 weeks
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9
Q

Mechanism of Thalidomide toxicity:

A
  • Altered permeability of blood vessels
  • Arrested development of critical blood vessels
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10
Q

Diseases Thalidomide is useful for:

A
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Leprosy
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11
Q

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was originally marketed as:

A
  • non-steroidal estrogen
  • miscarriage prevention
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12
Q

Female offspring of diethylstilbestrol (DES)-treated mothers developed:

A
  • clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina shortly after the onset of the menarche
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13
Q

Critical period of maternal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES):

A
  • First trimester during development of urogenital ridge
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14
Q

Endocrine Disruptors are:

A
  • substances that interfere with normal hormone function.
  • diethylstilbestrol (DES) is an endocrine disruptor.
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15
Q

In predatory birds, DDT caused:

A
  • total reproductive failure
  • anti-estrogenic effects on oviduct
  • inhibited calcium deposition
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16
Q

What are the 5 routes of exposure to endocrine disruptors?

A
  • food
  • air
  • dust
  • soil
  • water
17
Q

Barker Hypothesis:

A
  • stresses during development increase risks for certain diseases many years later
  • adaptational responses reset “set points”
    • i.e. malnutrition
18
Q

“Critical periods” or “sensitive windows” are:

A
  • points in development at which an insult (pharmaceutical, toxic or infectious) may have a specific, profound impact on certain targets that are vulnerable at that time.
19
Q

The main exposure route of Methylmercury and PCBs is:

A
  • consumption of fish
    • mercury: predatory species such as tuna, shark, swordfish have highest mercury levels.
    • PCBs: Great Lakes fish
20
Q

Methylmercury interferes with:

A
  • development of the nervous system both before and after birth.
  • effects are mediated by impacts at the molecular level, including on microtubulin synthesis, neuronal migration, synapse formation
21
Q

Elevated post-natal lead levels are associated with:

A
  • reduced intelligence, poorer school performance, and higher delinquency
22
Q

What is the most important exposure time period for lead?

A
  • post-natal
23
Q

Routes of lead exposure:

A
  • paint chips
  • leaded gasoline
  • lead dust
  • lead plumbing
24
Q

A reference dose is:

A
  • an amount of a substance that can be consumed on a daily basis without causing adverse effects.
25
Q

Organophosphate pesticides can cause adverse effects on cognitive function and “intelligence” via:

A
  • inhibiting acetylcholinesterase allowing acetylcholine to build up at neuronal junctions
26
Q

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by organophosphate pesticides disrupts:

A
  • cell replication,differentiation, synaptogenesis, axonogenesis
27
Q

What enzyme is involved in the metabolism of organophosphate pesticides?

A

PON1

28
Q

Critical periods for methylmercury, PCBs, and Lead exposure:

A
  • Methylmercury: prenatal
  • PCBs: prenatal
  • Lead: postnatal
29
Q

Critical period for rubella/Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS):

A

first trimester (3-8 weeks)

30
Q

Critical period for Thalidomide:

A

first trimester (4-6 weeks)

31
Q

Critical period for Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR):

A

second and third trimesters (16-38 weeks)

BMS2.30 EBM Environmental Influences (1 decks)

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