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Samia (Environmental Health) > Environmental Health Midterm (Week 3) > Flashcards

Environmental Health Midterm (Week 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sources of drinking water?

A
  • Rain Water
  • Surface Water
  • Ground Water
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2
Q

What source and percentage does CT get the majority of their drinking water?

A
  • Surface Water (83%)
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3
Q

What two states made it illegal for drinking water to be taken from surface water sources that receive industrial or sewage wastes?

A

CT & RI

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4
Q

What are the single home and individual water usage per person per day?

A

Individual: 100 gallons

Single Home: 300 gallons

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5
Q

How many countries and how many people around the world don’t have safe drinking water?

A

55 Countries, 1 Billion

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6
Q

What are some of the uses for water?

A
  • Agriculture
  • Power
  • Industrial Process
  • Cooling
  • Dilution
  • Recreation
  • Transportation
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7
Q

What is the water body make up of surface water?

A

97% lakes, rivers, rain water, salt water

3% fresh water (ice, ground, surface)

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8
Q

Where does CT get its drinking water?

A
  • 83% public water systems, surface water supplies, ground water supplies.
  • 17% public wells
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9
Q

What are the two water companies that control drinking water for CT?

A
  • CT Water Company

- Aquarian

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10
Q

Who regulates drinking water? Who regulates bottled water?

A

Drinking Water: DPH

Bottled Water: EPA & DCP (Consumer Protection)

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11
Q

What does it mean when water is called “hard”? What do you use to remove it?

A

Has more calcium and magnesium levels. Use sodium to remove them.

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12
Q

What are some physical characteristics of water?

A
  • color
  • odor
  • taste
  • turbidity
  • hardness
  • ph
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13
Q

How to assure safety of drinking water?

A

Standards, monitor, sampling, lab limitations

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14
Q

What are some water treatment methods?

A
  • Physical (settling/coagulation to remove organic matter), (filtration: rapid sand/slow sand), (aeration)
  • Disinfection (chlorination, turbidity, fluoridation, softening, iron removal
  • Reverse osmosis/distillation
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15
Q

What are the requirements regarding fluoridation?

A
  • No national requirements

- CT requirements: apply fluoridation if the water supply serves 20+K

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16
Q

What are some distribution problems for water supplies?

A
  • Meters (pipes leak, know how much)
  • Interconnections (connections to share water)
  • Cross connections (potable connections)
  • Backsiphonage (small hole water from building goes back to main supply)
  • Irrigation wells (permit must be separate from other water supplies)
  • Process wells (used for processing not drinking)
17
Q

What are the three types of water systems?

A
  • Community (large)
  • Non-Transient Non-Community (people not moving)
  • Transient Non- Community (moving)
18
Q

What’s the maximum contaminant level (MCL)?

A
  • Health based standard established by EPA
  • max level allowed of contaminate in water that’s delivered to any consumer
  • states can adopt this or set their own as long as they are as strict as the federal MCLS
19
Q

What’s the difference between acute and non-acute contaminants?

A

Acute: ecoli, nitrate, copper

non-acute: coliform

20
Q

What are coliform organisms used for? Advantages/Disadvantages?

A
  • Their presence indicates contamination may be entering the water system. Don’t cause disease.
  • Advantages: easy to collect sample, test reliable, results obtained quick within 24 hrs, test easy to conduct, inexpensive, not pathogenic
  • Disadvantages: indicates fecal contaminations and can pose health risks, increases likelihood that other disease pathogens may be present, does not distinguish between pathogenic and non pathogenic coliform
21
Q

What do you do if a sample tested positive for total coliform bacteria?

A
  • Analyze for ecoli
  • Inspect water system
  • Corrective maintenance
  • Disinfect, purge, resample
22
Q

What are the sources of ecoli?

A
  • septic systems
  • rodents
  • submerged well heads in areas where animal feces are present and storm water run-off enters the well
23
Q

What do you do when a sample tests positive for ecoli?

A
  • immediately inform the public not to drink or use for food unless boiled for at least 5 mins
  • strongly recommended only bottled water be used for drinking or food preparation
24
Q

What is the process/issuing of a boil water advisory?

A
  • When: test +ve for ecoli
  • By whom: by the water company but must be approved by DPH
  • Termination: when everything is resolved, must be advised by DPH
  • Impact: community impact
25
Q

What are some historical perspectives regarding drinking water?

A
  • 1962 USPHS (earlier standards for coliform/nitrate)
  • 1970 DHEW survey (assessing problems with contamination)
  • 1974 Safe Drinking Act (established primacy to enforce regulations)
  • 1982 Lead contamination control act
  • 1986 SDWA amendments (83 chemicals have no standards)
  • 1989 (EPA rules regarding surface water treatment, coliform rule, information collection rule)
  • 1993 Cryptosporidiosis outbreak (chlorine resistant)
  • 1996 funding for prevention, construction, and protection
  • 1996 Radon SDWA amendments (can expose radon if you educate public)
  • 1999 enhanced surface water treatment rule (more stringent standards on watershed protection)
26
Q

What’s the current chemical used to disinfect most US drinking water supplies? Describe the controversy with regard to using this chemical.

A
  • Chlorine

- Resistance to chlorine, doesn’t fully get rid of all bacterial substances

27
Q

List 4 drinking water waterborne diseases caused by microorganisms?

A

ecoli, cholera, parasitic like schistosomiasis, diahrreal?

28
Q

What is the issue/debate, disease symptoms, drinking water treatment, sampling/analysis, both field and clinical for cryptosporidium?

A

Spore forming organism contamination in lake Michigan, outbreak was due to chlorine resistance, the particles go right through the filtration system. Used information collection rule for sampling/analysis, lab analysis included water and clinical.

29
Q

What is cross connection, why is it a problem, how is the problem eliminated?

A

?

30
Q

Describe the role of tertiary treatment in wastewater treatment. What environmental problems are eliminated when used?

A

?

31
Q

List two goals of the federal clean water act. What’s the role of secondary treatment in the waste water treatment process?

A

?

32
Q

Define the term non point source pollution. List three examples. WHen is a non point source of pollution a public health and environmental concern?

A

?

33
Q

What’s combined sewer overflow? Why is it important to eliminate? List three diseases that can be caused by sewage contaminated with feces.

A

?

34
Q

List two advantages and disadvantages when onsite sewage disposal is used to dispose of waste water.

A

?

Samia (Environmental Health) (3 decks)

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