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Environmental Health > Environmental Health > Flashcards

Environmental Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is Force Health Protection (FHP)?

A

Conservation of the fighting potential of a force so that it is healthy and fully combat capable.
This consists of actions taken to counter the debilitating effects of environment, diseases through preventative measures.

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2
Q

What are the main roles of environmental Health?

7

A 
vector and pest control
Op sanitation and waste disposal
Communicable disease prevention and control
Environmental Monitoring
Occupational Health and Safety
Food Hygiene and Safety
Water quality monitoring and analysis
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3
Q

Who is available for the 1st line of environmental health support?
(3)

A

Unit medical staff
Combat Health Advisors (CHA)
Combat Health Duties (CHD)

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4
Q

Key Responsibilities of CHDs

3

A

Apply and maintain Op sanitation measures
Identify and control disease vectors and pests
maintain unit water supply

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5
Q

Benefits of CHD trained persons?

7

A 
Self sufficiency
proactive pest control
improved sanitation
water safety
lower disease non-battle injuries
maintain Op efficiency
Intelligence tasking of EH teams
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6
Q

Constraints of CHD personnel

4

A

Lack of space
proximity of sleeping/eating areas
Logistics - low priority
High tempo of activity

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7
Q

Key responsibilities of a CHA?

4

A

identify hazards in AOR
Undertake threat assessment / hazard recognition
Implementing FHP measures
Advise the CoC on measures to manage/mitigate risk

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8
Q

Who is available for 2nd line EH on Ops?

3

A

Single Service EHO
Single Service EHP
UK Med Group EH Team

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9
Q

3rd Line EH support is provided by?

A

RN- EH Officers
Army - Army regional command environmental health teams
RAF- Station environmental technicians

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10
Q

When further specialist advice or equipment is required the 4th line is provided by?
(4)

A

-Commander field army medical support branch; environmental monitoring teams
-RAF centre of aviation medicine
-Institute of Naval medicine
DMS W

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11
Q

Define Risk Assessment

A

Helps CMDRS and staff to prioritise and allocate resources for FHP. The primary purpose is to evaluate the importance of health hazards and to compare the risk between different hazards.

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12
Q

Define a Hazard

A

Anything that can cause harm

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13
Q

Define Risk

A

the probability that someone could be harmed by a hazard (risk= Likelihood x Severity of consequences)

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14
Q

Main FHP hazard categories

3

A

Physical
Chemical
Biological

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15
Q

Define a DNBI?

A

Disease non-battle injury - a person who is not a battle cas, but who is lost to the organisation by reason of disease or injury

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16
Q

Two categories of DNBI

Descriptions

A

External; outside control and immediate area eg - Climate, disease, flora/fauna, environmental and industrial hazards

Internal; integral to immediate location and strongly influenced by our actions - eg. Disease, food and water, waste, premises, processes.

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17
Q

Examples of Population at Risk (PARs)

4

A

friendly forces
LECs
Civ Pop
Pows / detainees

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18
Q

Examples of Audit and Surveillance techniques

5

A 
Local Med Int
EHT Audits
F Med 85
Specific Monitoring
Lab Reports
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19
Q

Reasons to monitor activity

5

A 
Threats and hazards may change
Implementation and effectiveness of control measures
general control
Information training and policy
Medical Counter measures and treatment
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20
Q

Who can contribute to unit risk management

4

A

All deployed personnel
Leaders
Trained Personnel - CHD, CHAs
Medical Personnel

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21
Q

Definition of health

A

A state of complete mental, physical and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease

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22
Q

Definition of disease

A

Any state that its a departure from positive health, whether that departure is physical or not

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23
Q

Impacts of disease on a military force

3

A

Manpower wastage
Unit mission failure
Wastes limited unit resources

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24
Q

Two categories of disease and discriptions?

A

Communicable - Transferable, transmitted from an infected host, either directly or indirectly to a susceptible host.

Non-Communicable - non-transferable, cannot be spread from an infected host

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25
Q

Entry points microorganisms can enter the body

7

A 
Eyes
Nose
Mouth
Injection/ingestion
Open cuts/sores
Genitals
Anus
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26
Q

Potential sources of disease and discriptions

5

A

Case - Individual with S/S of a disease

Carrier - Apparently healthy, can transmit pathogens

Contact - Exposure to disease

Corpse - dead for decaying

Convalescent - recovering but still infectious

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27
Q

Potential routes of diseases with examples

4

A

Airborne - flu, covid

Ingestion - Polio, cholera

Contact/Animal - Rabies

Arthropod - Malaria, yellow fever

28
Q

The Target is described as:

A

A healthy but susceptible human

29
Q

Ingestion Bourne Diseases

Mode of Spread-
Types of Contamination-
How does Contamination Occur

A

Mode - entry into body via mouth

Types - Chemical (Lead, Mercury) Physical (Glass, Paint) Biological (Pathogens)

How - pests, poor hygiene, poor waste disposal, poor food handling

30
Q

Common Ingestion Bourne Diseases

WILDCATGP

A 
Worms
Leptospirosis 
Dysentery
Cholera
Amoebic Dysentery
Typhoid
schistosomiasis
Gastroenteritis 
Polio
31
Q

Control of an Ingestion Bourne Disease

A

SOURCE-
Isolation, Treatment, Health Education, Notifications, Disinfection

ROUTE-
Treatment/protection of water, good waste disposal, good food hygiene, camp siting, cleanliness of environment/person, insect/rodent control

TARGET-
Health Education, immunisation/vaccination, prevent exposure, good hygiene, eat/drink at approved sources

32
Q

Airborne Diseases
Mode of Spread

Common Diseases

A

Mode of spread - Droplets, Inhalation of droplets, 3 sizes (Heavy, medium, nuclei)

Meningitis, Influenza, Common Cold, Legionella, TB, Small Pox, MMR, Anthrax, Diphtheria, Q fever, Chicken Pox

33
Q

Control of Airborne Disease

Source, Route, Target

A

SOURCE-
Isolation, treatment of cases, dispose of corpses, contact tracing

ROUTE-
Personal/Communal Hygiene, Damp Dusting, Barriers, prevent overcrowding, Bed Spacing

TARGET-
Health Education, immunisation/vaccination, prevent exposure, hygiene

34
Q

Arthropod borne diseases
Mode of Spread (2)

Common Diseases

A

Biological - insect bites
Mechanical - contact with food

Malaria, yellow fever, plague, dengue fever, lymes disease, Zika virus.

35
Q

Definition of an infestation

A

the presence of an unusually large number of insects/animals in a place that can cause damage or disease

36
Q

Two Types of insecticide and equipment

A

Residual - compressor sprayer

Knockdown - Swingfog

37
Q

Contact Borne Diseases
Mode of Spread

Diseases of military significance

A

Modes-
Direct - Via direct contact w/ infected person or animal
Indirect - via fomites

STIs, Scabies, Rabies, Q fever, Fungal skin Infection, Impetigo, Verruca

38
Q

Control of Contact Bourne Diseases

Source, Route, Target

A

SOURCE-
Isolation, treatment of cases, dispose of corpses, health education, contact tracing, disinfection

ROUTE-
Direct; abstinence, monogamy, STD checks, avoid infected animals, don’t use prostitutes.
Indirect; Disinfect ablutions, wash bedding/clothes, don’t share kit, wear flip flops.

TARGET-
Health education, immunisation/vaccination, personal hygiene.

39
Q

What is a notifiable disease?

How is it reported?

Who is it reported to?

A

A Disease that is required by law to be reported to Gov’t authorities.

FMED 85 sent upon provisional diagnosis and again at confirmation/de-notification

SO2 Health Protection and Proper Officer

40
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

Two or more cases of a communicable disease with are, or may be linked, by time and/or space

41
Q

Outbreak investigation is necessary for what reasons?

6

A 
To assist in confirming outbreaks
Asses scale and extent of outbreak
Prevent further spread
Investigate origin
Lessons to be learnt
Statutory requirements
42
Q

An initial outbreak investigation as 1st line support will include what 4 phases?

A

Prelim
Communication
Confirm Notification
Control Measures

43
Q

If a disease outbreak is confirmed what actions should be carried out?
(7)

A 
Collect Specimens
Conduct Camp Visit/inspection
Conduct Interviews with approved questionnaire 
Identify common factors
Prelim decision on outbreak
Consider Public health risk
Initiate immediate control measures
44
Q

`What is the purpose of good waste management?

4

A

Minimise risk of disease
prevent food/water contamination
Discourage pest vectors
Maintain comfort and morale

45
Q

Types of waste generated in the field

A 
USSR
Urine
Soil
Sullage
Refuse
46
Q

Types of camp and time frames

4

A

Short halt - 24hrs
Temporary - 24hrs - 7 Days
Semi-Permanent- 7 days to 6 months
Permanent - 6 months +

47
Q

Temporary Camp Improvised Appliances

A

U - shallow trench urinal
S - Shallow trench latrine
S- Improvised Grease strainer and soakage pit
R- Refuse/Ash Pit

48
Q

Semi-Permanent Camp Improvised Appliances

A

U- Funnel, Trough, female urinals
S- Deep Trench Latrine, receptacle, bucket latrines
S- Strainer/Grease trap - Evaporation pans/drainage
R- Incinerators

49
Q

Basic principles of Camp siting

4

A

Front of camp faces prevailing wind
Accommodation at the front
Sanitary facilities downwind of accommodation
Latrines away from water/kitchen

50
Q

Safety precautions to reduce the risk of clinical waste hazards
(7)

A 
good personal hygiene 
use gloves
wear gloves when disinfecting
change gloves after each task
eye pro + masks
gowns/aprons/labcoats
Minimise contact with waste
51
Q

What is the purpose of water purification in the military?

A

To prevent disease by removing disease causing organisms, therefore maintaining force effectiveness.

52
Q

Two types of water impurities and examples

A

Suspended- leaves, sand, worms, sewage

Dissolved- poisons, detergents, salts, heavy metals

53
Q

Diseases associated with water

A

WILDCATSGP

Worms
Infectious Hep
Leptospirosis 
Dysentery 
Cholera
Amebic Dysentery 
Typhoid
Schistosomiasis 
Gastroenteritis 
Polio
54
Q

6 Principles of Water purification

A 
Selection of source
Clarification
Disinfection
Contact period
Test
De-Taste
55
Q

Basic considerations of how much water to provide

A

10 litres per day minimum

25 optimum

56
Q

What are the considerations relating to the quality of the water

A

Quantity vs quality

Oxygenated
Large wide stream
Up stream of human habitation 
Up stream of industry
Limited vegetation
57
Q

Two methods of clarifying water

A

Filtration- mechanical vs Improvised

Sedimentation - passive vs Chemical

58
Q

Two methods of disinfecting water

A

Physical

Chemical - calcium hyperclorite 65%
4G per 225 litres

59
Q

Water contact period is normally 15 minutes. When would it increase to 30?
(3)

A

Below 5 degrees
Schistosomiasis in the area
If check kit is unavailable

60
Q

When testing water how much chlorine should be present at the end of the contact period.

A

5.0mg/L

5ppm

61
Q

What chemical is added to de-taste water?

A

Sodium Thiosulphate pentahydrate crystals

2g per 225ltrs

62
Q

What is EPiNato and why do we need it?

A

A disease surveillance program used by NATO overseas

It is used to interpret disease and injury trends via standardised collection of patient data

63
Q

What does EPINATO allow commanders to do?

6

A

Evaluate Op capabilities

Choose appropriate medical counter measures

Know the risk areas where conducting ops

Develop early warning systems for bio and chemical threats

To detect outbreaks at an early stage

To have a comprehensive surveillance system of the health events and environmental exposure of a deployed force

64
Q

What are the military impacts of climatic injuries?

6

A 
Can kill
Downgrading/morbidity 
Medical discharge
Loss of Op Effectiveness 
Waste of limited resources
Mission failure
65
Q

What is a localised cold injury?

What are the two types of localised cold injury?

A

When individual body parts are exposed to cold, leading to damage

FCI, NFCI

66
Q

What are the two most common types of freezing cold injury

A

Frost Nip

Frost Bite

67
Q

Signs and symptoms of a local NFCI (trench foot)

A

Numbness in extremities
Pain
Pins and needles

Environmental Health (1 decks)

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