Environmental + food policies - 2.5 - 2.7 Flashcards
What did the UN Human Development Report show?
The proportion of people living in extreme poverty fell from 36% (1990) to 10% (2015)
All major indicators of human development reflect this
What was the driver of the decrease in poverty?
Industrialisation
A large part of industrialisation in developing countries has been based on coal
Access to electricity is a pre-requisite for
Which part of the world is becoming a major energy consumer?
Middle East
Which part of the world is a major energy exporter?
USA
Which population suffers most without access to modern energy?
Women and girls - spend most of their day performing basic subsistence tasks
Illnesses from indoor pollution
What is the IPCC?
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
What are the key risks of climate change?
Storm surges + flooding in low-lying coastal zones, towns + cities
Extreme weather events + heat
Breakdown of food systems + rural livelihoods due to drought
Loss of biodiversity, especially marine + coastal
Why are environmental policies needed?
Something to aim for + to hold people accountable for
Environment is a shared good - affects everyone
Acting together = better outcome
What are the environmental challenges that impact on global health?
Habitats Biodiversity Air quality (ozone) - can lead to CVS and respiratory disease Climate change Marine protection Local planning rules - urban planning Recycling Waste management
What are the 4 different policy levers to influence the environmental challenges?
Strategies and targets
Standards + regulations
Prices and markets
Strategic Investments
Give 2 examples of strategies and targets that aim to influence environmental challenges
European Energy Union - secure, affordable + climate-friendly energy for citizens + businesses
Roadmap 2050 for a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050
Give at least 2 examples of standards and regulations that aim to influence environmental challenges
Bathing water quality
Energy efficient
Fuel poverty = cannot fuel homes enough often due to poor housing quality
Low emission charge zones
Give at least 2 examples of prices + markets that aim to influence environmental changes
Carbon tax
Putting values on e.g. biodiversity
European emissions trading system - if less pollution, can sell to firm which has gone over their emission limit
Energy trilemma - carbon emissions, energy costs, security of energy supply
Give at least 2 examples of strategic investments that aim to influence environmental changes
Smart electricity
R&D
Infrastructure
Innovation + deployment
What is the barrier that exists between policy implementation?
Policy making is always affected by politics
The role of private sector is taking a leadership
How would environmental policies pose as a co-benefit to climate change?
Green diets + health Energy efficiency + fuel poverty Sustainable transport + health Green space + well-being Marine environments + clean water, leisure facilities Renewable energy and local health + more
Name at least 5 risk factors for food insecurity
Capability to acquire food is insufficient or collapses due to shock
Unbalanced power relations
Unfair resource distribution
Unfair market structures
Unfair institutional rules
Changes in time - no stability in availability, access and use
Describe the evolution of food security
1974 1st World Food Summit focusing on AVAILABILITY
1986 World Bank report Poverty + Hunger: ACCESSIBILITY + STABILITY
1996 2nd World Food Summit: UTILISATION = all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe + nutritious food for an active + healthy life
What is the nature of food insecurity?
Temporal
What two categories can food insecurity be split into?
Chronic
Transitory
What are the 6 structural threats that lead to chronic food insecurity?
Low labour productivity Adverse terms of trade Limited market access Asset poverty Restricted borrowing capacity Absence of safety nets to provide transfers
What can transitory food insecurity be split into?
Temporary - due to a shock e.g. sickness, poverty, conflict, drought
Seasonal - linked to cyclical patterns i.e. pre-harvesting season generally linked to weaknesses in food and credit systems
Name 4 populations that are extraordinarily food insecure (chronically or transitory)
Workers - suffer when food prices increase/ money wages or employment rates decrease
Small-holder farmers
Pastoralists in arid + semiarid regions - livestock are not only their primary sources of food + income but main store of wealth
Children + pensioners
Why is it important to understand that food security is complex?
In order to design policies and improve measurements
Multidimensional measurement + multisectoral approaches to policies
