Environmental + food policies - 2.5 - 2.7

Question 1

What did the UN Human Development Report show?

Answer 1

The proportion of people living in extreme poverty fell from 36% (1990) to 10% (2015)
All major indicators of human development reflect this

Question 2

What was the driver of the decrease in poverty?

Answer 2

Industrialisation
A large part of industrialisation in developing countries has been based on coal
Access to electricity is a pre-requisite for

Question 3

Which part of the world is becoming a major energy consumer?

Answer 3

Middle East

Question 4

Which part of the world is a major energy exporter?

Answer 4

USA

Question 5

Which population suffers most without access to modern energy?

Answer 5

Women and girls - spend most of their day performing basic subsistence tasks
Illnesses from indoor pollution

Question 6

What is the IPCC?

Answer 6

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Question 7

What are the key risks of climate change?

Answer 7

Storm surges + flooding in low-lying coastal zones, towns + cities
Extreme weather events + heat
Breakdown of food systems + rural livelihoods due to drought
Loss of biodiversity, especially marine + coastal

Question 8

Why are environmental policies needed?

Answer 8

Something to aim for + to hold people accountable for
Environment is a shared good - affects everyone
Acting together = better outcome

Question 9

What are the environmental challenges that impact on global health?

Answer 9

Habitats
Biodiversity 
Air quality (ozone) - can lead to CVS and respiratory disease
Climate change
Marine protection
Local planning rules - urban planning
Recycling
Waste management

Question 10

What are the 4 different policy levers to influence the environmental challenges?

Answer 10

Strategies and targets
Standards + regulations
Prices and markets
Strategic Investments

Question 11

Give 2 examples of strategies and targets that aim to influence environmental challenges

Answer 11

European Energy Union - secure, affordable + climate-friendly energy for citizens + businesses
Roadmap 2050 for a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050

Question 12

Give at least 2 examples of standards and regulations that aim to influence environmental challenges

Answer 12

Bathing water quality
Energy efficient
Fuel poverty = cannot fuel homes enough often due to poor housing quality
Low emission charge zones

Question 13

Give at least 2 examples of prices + markets that aim to influence environmental changes

Answer 13

Carbon tax
Putting values on e.g. biodiversity
European emissions trading system - if less pollution, can sell to firm which has gone over their emission limit
Energy trilemma - carbon emissions, energy costs, security of energy supply

Question 14

Give at least 2 examples of strategic investments that aim to influence environmental changes

Answer 14

Smart electricity
R&D
Infrastructure
Innovation + deployment

Question 15

What is the barrier that exists between policy implementation?

Answer 15

Policy making is always affected by politics

The role of private sector is taking a leadership

Question 16

How would environmental policies pose as a co-benefit to climate change?

Answer 16

Green diets + health
Energy efficiency + fuel poverty
Sustainable transport + health
Green space + well-being
Marine environments + clean water, leisure facilities
Renewable energy and local health + more

Question 17

Name at least 5 risk factors for food insecurity

Answer 17

Capability to acquire food is insufficient or collapses due to shock
Unbalanced power relations
Unfair resource distribution
Unfair market structures
Unfair institutional rules
Changes in time - no stability in availability, access and use

Question 18

Describe the evolution of food security

Answer 18

1974 1st World Food Summit focusing on AVAILABILITY
1986 World Bank report Poverty + Hunger: ACCESSIBILITY + STABILITY
1996 2nd World Food Summit: UTILISATION = all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe + nutritious food for an active + healthy life

Question 19

What is the nature of food insecurity?

Answer 19

Temporal

Question 20

What two categories can food insecurity be split into?

Answer 20

Chronic

Transitory

Question 21

What are the 6 structural threats that lead to chronic food insecurity?

Answer 21

Low labour productivity
Adverse terms of trade
Limited market access
Asset poverty
Restricted borrowing capacity
Absence of safety nets to provide transfers

Question 22

What can transitory food insecurity be split into?

Answer 22

Temporary - due to a shock e.g. sickness, poverty, conflict, drought
Seasonal - linked to cyclical patterns i.e. pre-harvesting season generally linked to weaknesses in food and credit systems

Question 23

Name 4 populations that are extraordinarily food insecure (chronically or transitory)

Answer 23

Workers - suffer when food prices increase/ money wages or employment rates decrease

Small-holder farmers

Pastoralists in arid + semiarid regions - livestock are not only their primary sources of food + income but main store of wealth

Children + pensioners

Question 24

Why is it important to understand that food security is complex?

Answer 24

In order to design policies and improve measurements

Multidimensional measurement + multisectoral approaches to policies

Question 25

What are the key measures in food security?

Answer 25

Calories-focused (availability/access) e.g. FAO prevalence of undernourishment

Experience-based indicators (access) e.g. US Household food insecurity access sale

Nutritional outcomes (utilization) e.g. BMI, micronutrient deficiencies - undernutrition contributes to half of mortality in children under 5

Question 26

Is there a SDG dedicated to food security?

Answer 26

Yes SDG 2: No hunger