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geo term 2 > Environmental Change and Management > Flashcards

Environmental Change and Management Flashcards

1
Q

what is a biome

A

large ecosystems characterised by a particular climate and its dominant plant and animals

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2
Q

biomes two broad groups

A

aquatic or water based
-oceans, rivers, lakes, wetlands

terrestrial or land based
-deserts, rainforests, tundra, grasslands, woodlands, forests

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3
Q

tropical rainforests

A 
cover 6-7%  of earths surface
lush and warm
temperature dosent change much between day and night
avg temp 21-30 degrees
wet
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4
Q

temperate rainforests

A

foggy
mild temp
one long wet winter
short drier summer

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5
Q

tundra

A

cold and dry
little rainfall
covers 1/5 of earth
treeless plain

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6
Q

desert

A

1/5 earths surface
less than 25cm of rain
hot or cold
little rainfall

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7
Q

taiga

A

largest biome on earth
long cold winters
short, mild wet summers
mostly unpopulated by people

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8
Q

temperate forest

A

four seasons
varying temps
plant and animals have to be able to adapt to the different seasons

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9
Q

sd tropical rainforest

A

usually between 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south

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10
Q

sd temperate rainforest

A

along coast

in temperate regions

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11
Q

sd deserts

A

near equator
near poles
rains shadows of mountain
far from ocean

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12
Q

sd tundra

A

arctic circle

mountains

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13
Q

sd borea forest (taiga)

A

50 degrees and 60 degrees north latitude

just south of arctic circle

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14
Q

sd grassland

A 
widespread
can be in:
antarctic
temperate regions
subtropics and tropics
coastal
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15
Q

sd savanna

A

tropical africa and south america

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16
Q

sd freshwater

A

68% glaciers and ice caps
30% groundwater
0.3% surface water

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17
Q

sd marine

A

covers 70% of earth

includes major oceans gulfs and bays

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18
Q

sd ice

A

cold areas and dry
99% of it is covered by ice
e.g antarctica

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19
Q

food chains definition

A

a series of organisms, each eating or decomposing the preceding one

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20
Q

food webs definition

A

more complicated branching diagram which shows the feeding relationships pf all living things in a particular area or ecosystem

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21
Q

source of energy in ecosystem

A

sun

in some rare ecosystems hydrothermal vents

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22
Q

producer

A

a plant that can photosynthesise

start of food chain

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23
Q

consumers

A

organisms that eat other organisms

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24
Q

decomposers

A

breakdown dead organisms

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25
Q

arrows in the food webs

A

the direction of the arrow in the diagram shows some energy being lost at each step in the food chain as heat

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26
Q

carbon..

A

carbon is one of the most basic elements that make up all living things

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27
Q

carbon cycle

A

a process where carbon is transferred through the environment it involves all spheres

28
Q

describe the carbon cycle

A

carbon dioxide exists in the air and is used by plants to photosynthesise and make food
animals eat plants and obtain carbon and then use carbon from plants for energy and growth
animals produce waste and depose when they die
decomposers feed on the dead matter and release carbon

29
Q

decomposers e.g

A

bacteria and funghi

30
Q

the four spheres

A

everything in earth’s system can be placed into one of the four major systems. These are called spheres

31
Q

land=

A

lithosphere

32
Q

living things=

A

biosphere

33
Q

water=

A

hydrosphere

34
Q

air

A

atmosphere

35
Q

lithosphere defintion

A

contains all the cold, hard, sold land of the planets surface, the crust and the liquid land near the centre of the planet. The surface of the lithosphere is uneven. There are mountains, plains, deep valleys.

36
Q

lithosphere…

A

the solid, semi solid and liquid land of the lithosphere form layers that are physically and chemically different

37
Q

outermost layer

A

consists of loose soil rich in nutrients, oxygen and silicon

38
Q

crust

A

thin solid crust of oxygen and silicon

39
Q

mantle

A

thick, semi solid mantle of oxygen, silicon, iron and magnesium

40
Q

outer core

A

liquid layer

nickel and iron

41
Q

inner core

A

solid layer

nickel and iron

42
Q

hydrosphere defintion

A

contains all the solid ,liquid and gaseous water of the planet. It extends from the earths surface downwards several kms into the lithosphere and upward about 12km into the atmosphere.

43
Q

hydrosphere….

A

a small portion of the water in the hydrosphere is fresh. This water flows as precipitation from the atmosphere down to earths surface as rivers streams along earths surface and as groundwater beneath earths surface.

44
Q

hydrosphere salty water

A

97% of earths water is salty
the salty water collects in deep valleys along earth’s surface. These large collections of salty water are referred to as oceans.
The differences in temperature cause water to change physical states.

45
Q

water near the poles

A

very cold

water freezes into a sold

46
Q

water near equator

A

warm

water to evaporate into a gas

47
Q

biosphere

A

contains all the planets living things. That includes plants animals and microorganisms. Within the biosphere there are biomes. These biomes can be seen from space.

48
Q

atmosphere

A

contains all the air in the earths system. It extends from less than 1km below the earths surface and more than 10000 km above the surface.

49
Q

upper portion of atmosphere

A

protects the organisms of the biosphere from the suns ultraviolet radiation. It also traps heat

50
Q

atmosphere traps heat

A

when air temperature in the lower portion of this sphere changes, weather occurs. As air in the lower atmosphere is heated or cooled it moves around earth. It can result in a simple breeze or a complex tornado

51
Q

anthropogenic

A

regarding humankind as the central or most important element of existence especially as opposed to god or animals
a basic belief embedded in many western philosphies

52
Q

anthropocentrism

A

regards humans as separate from and superior to nature and holds that human life has intensive value while other entities and resources that may be justifiably exploded for the benefit of human kind

53
Q

biocentric

A

extends all inherent value to all living things. It is an understanding of how the earth works.
It states that all beings have equal intrinsic value
human beings have no greater value than any other creature as we are just ordinary citizens in the biotic community with no more rights than bacteria

54
Q

indigenous

A

originating or occurring in a particular place

55
Q

indigenous worldview

A

although indigenous people are diverse in their cultural practices and perspectives, their worldview are similar in basic respects including a belief in the interconnectedness of all living things

56
Q

egocentric

A

thinking only of oneself without regard for the feeling or desires of others, self centred

57
Q

ecocentrism

A

the inability to differentiate between self and other, not able to understand any other perspective other than their own

58
Q

ecocentric

A

a philosophy or perspective that places intrinsic value on all living organisms and their natural environment regardless of their perceived usefulness or importance to human beings.

59
Q

fire stick farming

A

the practice of indigenous australians who regularly used fire to burn vegetation to facilitate hunting and to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area

60
Q

fire stick farming benefits

A

it encouraged animals to congegrate on the areas of fresh vegetation sprouting on the areas they had burnt.
The ash from the burn areas was a fertiliser for the regrowth of plant and trees when it rained

61
Q

long term effect of fire stick farming

A

extensive regular burning altered the environment increasing the area over which they could find food

62
Q

burn off

A

grass,wee, branches, leaves are burnt using a controlled fire in the cooler months to reduce the bigger uncontrolled fires during summer

63
Q

‘caring for country’

A

a set of practices aboriginals used to protect and maintain the land

64
Q

indigenous rangers

A

now working with fire services to keep the tradition alive
continue to protect the land and protect us from danger
trying to share the knowledge so it can be a long term commitment

65
Q

indigenous conservation

A

they followed a different seasons calendar it would tell them when certain areas, food, animals, plant to eat so they could conserve it
they ate what was there and didn’t take more than they needed.

geo term 2 (2 decks)

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