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Causes and consequences of cancer > Environmental causes > Flashcards

Environmental causes Flashcards

1
Q

What is latent period?

A

The context of a fixed time between exposure and appearance of malignancy

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2
Q

Why is age at expression used?

A

Regardless of age at exposure, induced tumours tend to appear at the same time as those spontaneously occurring due to additional steps being required later in life

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3
Q

When are exposures most impactful?

A

Young ages e.g. females exposed to radiation have a highly increased risk of thyroid and breast cancer whilst over 50s exposed show little or no risk

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4
Q

How many cancer deaths does smoking cause?

A

43,000 in the UK in 2010, 27% of all cancer deaths

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5
Q

Ratio of cancers caused by smoking

A

3 in 20 (15%)

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6
Q

What cancers does smoking cause?

A

lung, mouth, bladder, colon, kidney, throat, nasal cavity, voice box, oesophagus, lip, stomach, cervix, liver and pancreas

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7
Q

Other tobacco linked cancer

A

Smokeless tobacco use in people with leukemia causes cancers of the mouth
ETS causes lung cancer

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8
Q

Carcinogens in cigarette smoke

A

more than 100, including benzene and acrolein

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9
Q

Acrolein sources

A

the manufacture of chemical products
herbicides in recirculating water systems
tobacco smoke
emissions from combustion of fuels, wood and plastics
ambient air pollution
e-cig vapour
high-temperature roasting
deep-fat frying

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10
Q

What increases risk of mouth, voice box and oesophagus cancers in smokers?

A

drinking more than 2 drinks/day

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11
Q

What are the strongest links between obesity and cancer?

A

Breast cancer in older women
endometrium, kidney, colon and oesophagus cancers

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12
Q

What are the strongest links between obesity and cancer?

A

Breast cancer in older women
endometrium, kidney, colon and oesophagus cancers

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13
Q

What cancers do physical inactivity cause?

A

colon and breast cancer

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14
Q

What are the statistics for inactivity and obesity causing cancers?

A

25-30% of colon, breast (postmenopausal), endometrial, kidney and oesophagus cancers

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15
Q

What cancers does drinking cause?

A

mouth, throat, voice box, liver and oesophagus cancers
some evidence linking alcohol to breast cancer

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16
Q

What are sources of UV radiation?

A

the sun, sunlamps and tanning beds

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17
Q

What DNA damage does UV radiation cause?

A

Cyclobutane dimers are formed between two adjacent pyrimidine bases (T-T or T-C), the misrepair of which leads to DNA gene mutations

18
Q

What are sources of UV radiation?

A

the sun, sunlamps and tanning beds

18
Q

How does UV radiation cause melanoma and other skin cancers?

A

UV radiation causes premature ageing of the skin and DNA damage. Since UV radiation is low energy, it has poor penetration so primarily affects the skin. 240-320nm range UV induces excitation of the bases in nucleic acids which become stable photochemical changes, with UVB rays being the most carcinogenic at 290-320nm.

19
Q

How many pesticide ingredients are carcinogenic?

A

Of 900, 20 have been found carcinogenic in animals although not all have been tested

20
Q

What pesticides have been banned?

A

ethylene oxide, amitrole, some chlorophenoxy herbicides, DDT, dimethylhydrazine, hexachlorobenzene, hexamethylphosphoramide, chlordecone, lead acetate, lindane, mirex, nitrofen and toxaphene

21
Q

Who is at risk from pesticides?

A

farmers, pesticide applicators, crop duster pilots and manufacturers

22
Q

Which cancers do pesticides cause?

A

blood and lymphatic system cancers
cancers of the lip, stomach, lung, brain and prostate
melanoma and other skin cancers

23
Q

Which viruses are linked to cancers?

A

HPV -> cervical and anal cancer
Hep B (HBV) and Hep C (HCV) -> liver cancer
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -> lymphoma (rare outside immunodeficiency)
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) -> Kaposi’s sarcoma (rare outside immunodeficiency )
HIV -> immunodeficiency which can trigger other cancers

24
Q
A
25
Q

How is HPV risk managed?

A

the HPV vaccine has been offered to girls aged 12-13 since 2008 and boys aged 12-13 from September 2019

26
Q

What cancer do HBV and HCV cause?

A

liver cancer

27
Q

What are risk factors for HBV?

A

Asia and Africa have high rates of childhood acquisition
occupational exposure to blood products
injection drug use
high-risk sexual behaviour

28
Q

How does oestrogen alone affect cancer risk?

A

Increases risk of endometrial and breast cancer
reduces risk of colon cancer

29
Q

How does combined oral contraceptive effect cancer risk?

A

reduces risk of endometrial and ovarian cancers
increases early-onset breast cancers and liver cancer

30
Q

What are the risks of tamoxifen?

A

increased risk of endometrial cancer, stoke and blood clots

31
Q

What cancer risk does DES carry?

A

Daughters of mothers taking DES were exposed before birth and had an increased chance of developing a rare type of cervical and vaginal cancer.
women who took DES during pregnancy had a slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer

32
Q

What medical drugs can cause cancer?

A

Cancer drugs (e.g. cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan) -> second cancers, including leukemia
immunosuppressants (e.g. cyclosporin and azathioprine) -> increased cancer risks, especially lymphoma

33
Q

What drugs have been linked to reduced cancer risk?

A

aspirin and other NSAIDs reduce colon cancer risk
evidence for breast and prostate cancer is inconsistent

34
Q

Where are solvents found?

A

paint thinners, paint and grease removers, and the dry cleaning industry

35
Q

Which solvents are carcinogenic?

A

benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane (methylene chloride), tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene

36
Q

What cancer does benzene cause?

A

leukemia

37
Q

Which particular dioxin is likely a carcinogen?

A

TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin)

38
Q

How are people exposed to TCDD?

A

eating dairy products, fish, and meat including poultry

39
Q

What are PAHs?

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including pyrene and benzo(a)-pyrene

Causes and consequences of cancer (1 decks)

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