Environmental and Nutrition Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
Which Vitamins are Fat soluable?
A
A,D,E,K.
2
Q
Fat soluable absorption is dependent on what?
A
Gut and pancreas.
3
Q
Why are fat soluable vitamins more toxic than Water soluable?
A
Because they accumulate in Fat.
4
Q
What can cause fat soluable deficencies?
A
Malabsorption syndromes like cystic fibrosis and sprue, or mineral oil intake.
5
Q
Which of the Water soluable vitamins can’t be washed out easy and where will it be stored?
A
B12, folate stored in the liver.
6
Q
Vitamin A is what Nutrient?
A
Retinol.
7
Q
What are the 4 functins of retinol aka Vitamin A?
A
- Rhodoposin formation. 2. Integrity of epithelia. 3. Lysosome stability. 4. Glycoprotein synthesis.
8
Q
What will Rhodopsin do?
A
It is a photoreceptor pigment in the retina known as retinal.
9
Q
What will Vitamin A deficiencies cause?
A
Night blindness, dry skin, perifollicular hyperkeratosis, xeropthalmia, keratomalacia, increased morbidity and mortality in young children.
10
Q
What will Vitamin A toxicity cause?
A
Headache, fatigue, skin changes, hepatospleomegaly, bone thickening/arthralgias, intracranial hypertension, and papilledema.
11
Q
What nutrient(s) will vitamin D be?
A
Cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol.
12
Q
What are the 4 functions of cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol aka Vitamin D?
A
Ca and P absorption, mineralization and repair of bone, tubular reabsorption of Ca, insulin and thyroid function.
13
Q
Vitamin D helps with insulin and thyroid function which leads to what?
A
Immune function, reduces autoimmune disease.
14
Q
A cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol aka vitamin D deficiency leads to what?
A
Rickets, osteomalacia, and hypocalcemic tetany.
15
Q
What will Vitamin D toxicity lead to?
A
Hypercalcemiam anorexia, renal failure, metastatic calcifications.
16
Q
D2 and D3 what type of Vitamin D are they?
A
D2-ergocalciferol. D3-cholecalciferol.
17
Q
What type of Vitamin D comes from milk and what kind comes from the sun?
A
milk-D2. Sun-D3.
18
Q
What is 25-OH D3?
A
Storage form of Vitamin D.
19
Q
What is 1,25 (OH)2 D3?
A
Active form of Vitamin D.
20
Q
Excess Vitamin D is seen in what?
A
Sarcoidosis.
21
Q
What is sarcoidosis?
A
disease where the pithelioid macrophages convert vitamin D inot its active form.
22
Q
What degree latitude do you need to live below to get enough vitamin D from the sun?
A
the 37th.
23
Q
What levels of Vitamin D will make you deficient, insufficient, sufficient, and toxic?
A
Deficient- 20 ng/ml. Insufficient- 20-29 ng/ml. Sufficient- 30 ng/ML (Dr. R says 50). Toxic- more than 150 ng/ml.
24
Q
What nutrient(s) will vitamin E be?
A
Alpha-tocopherol, other tocopherols.
25
What are the 2 functions of alpha-tocopherol and other tocopherols aka vitamin E?
intracellular antioxidant, scavenger of free radicals in biologic MEMBRANES.
26
What will a Vitmain E deficieny lead to?
RBC hemolysis/fragility, neurologic deficits.
27
What will a vitamin E toxicity lead to?
Tendency to bleed.
28
What is the most active form of Vitamin E?
a-tocopherol.
29
How many known forms of Vitamin E are there?
There are 8.
30
What nutrient(s) will Vitamin K be?
Phyloquinone, menaquinones.
31
Where will phyloquinones and menaquinoes come from?
Phyloquinone-plant. Menaquinones-animals.
32
What are the functions of the -quinones aka vitamin K?
formation of prothrombin and other coagulation factors and bone proteins.
33
What will a vitamin K deficiency lead to?
Bleeding due to deficiency of prothrombin and other factors, osteopenia.
34
What are the vitamin K dependent clotting factors?
II, VII, IX, X and protein C and S.
35
What is a vitamin K antagonist?
Warfarin.
36
Where can vitamin K be synthesized?
In intestine by flora.
37
What can lead to a vitamin K deficiency?
Prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics.
38
Vitamin B1 is aka?
Thiamin.
39
What is the function of Thiamin aka vitamin B1?
Carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucosem and alcohol metabolism. Central and peripheral nerve cell function, myocardial function.
40
A vitamin B1 or thiamin deficiency causes what?
Beriberi, Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome.
41
What are the 2 types of Beriberi?
wet and dry.
42
What is wet and dry beriberi?
Dry- polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting. Wet- high output cardiac failure, edema.
43
Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is seen when?
seen in alcoholism and malnutrition.
44
Vitamin B2 is aka?
Riboflavin/ R-5-P (riboflavin-5-phosphate).
45
What are the 2 functions of vitamin B2 aka Riboflavin?
1. Carbohydrate and protein metabolism. 2. Integrity of mucous membranes.
46
What will a vitamin B2 aka Riboflacvin deficiency lead to?
Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, corneal vascularization.
47
Vitamin B3 is aka?
Niacin.
48
What are the different types of Niacin or vitamin B3?
Nicotininc acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide.
49
What are the 2 functions of Niacin?
1. Oxidation-reduction reactions [NADP+]. 2. carbohydrate cell metabolism [NAD+, (B3=3atp]
50
Vitamin B3 and B2 equal how many ATP?
b2=2. B3=3.
51
What will Vitamin B3 aka the niacins cause when deficient?
the 4 D's. Dermatitis, diarrhea, Dementia, and Death.
52
The 4 D's or a vitamin B3 deficiency is known as what?
Pellagra.
53
What will vitamin B3 aka niacin cause with toxic amounts?
Flushing (feels like a heart attack).
54
Niacin is made by the body from what?
Tryptophan.
55
Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan requires what?
B6.
56
niacin can be a treatment for what?
High Cholesterol.
57
Vitamin B5 is aka?
Pantothenate, dexpathenol.
58
What is the function of pantothenate, dexpathenol aka vitamin B5?
Constituent of CoA (a cofactor for acyl transfers) and component of fatty acid synthase.
59
What will a pantothenate, dexpathenol aka vitamin B5 deficiency lead to?
Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency.
60
Vitamin B6 is aka what?
Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, converted to pyridoxal PO4. Ladies vitamin.
61
Why is vitamin B6 aka the ladies vitamin?
It is important in the menstral cycle.
62
What are the 3 functions of vitamin B6?
1. Many aspects of nitrogen metabolism, porphyrin and heme synthesis, tryptophan conversion to niacin, glycogen phosphorylase. 2. Nucleic acid biosynthesis?decarboxylation reactions. 3. Fatty acid, lipid and amino acid metabolism.
63
What will vitamin B6 deficiency lead to?
Seizures, anemia, neuropathiesm seborrheic dermatitis.
64
A vitamin B6 deficiency can be induced by what?
INH and oral contraceptives.
65
Vitamin B6 toxicity leads to what?
Peripheral neuropathy.
66
Vitamin B12 is aka?
Cobalamins (cyano-, hydroxy-, methyl-).
67
What are the functions of the cobalamins aka Vitamin B12?
Maturation of RBC's, neural function, DNA synthesis, myelin synthesis and repair
68
What will a cobalamine aka vitamin B12 deficieny cause?
Megaloblastic anemia, neurologic deficits, glossitis.
69
Vitamin B12 is only found where?
In animals.
70
Vitamin B12 is only synthesized by what?
Microorganisms.
71
Vitamin B12 is stored where?
Liver.
72
How much Cobalamins aka vitamin B12 can be stored in the liver?
Large reserves for several years.
73
What will cause a Cobalamine aka vitamin B12 deficiency?
Malabsorption, lack of intrinsic factor, or absence of terminal ileum.
74
What test is used to detect the etiology of a vitamin B12 deficiency?
Shilling test.
75
Vitamin B12 aka cobalamine is the cofactor for what?
Homocysteine methyltransferase (transfers CH3 groups as methylcoablamin), and mehtylmalonyl-CoA mutase.
76
With a vitamin B12 deficency due to decreased methionine or increased methylmalonic acid what happens?
Abnormal myelin. This leads to the neurologic deficits.
77
Vitamin B9 is aka what?
Folate, folic acid, THF.
78
What are the 3 functions of folate/folic acid?
1. Maturation of RBC. 2. Synthesis of purines, pyrimidines and methionine. 3. Development of fetal nervous system.
79
What will a folate or folic acid deficiency cause?
Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube birth defects, mental confusion.
80
Of all the vitamins which one has the most common deficiency in the USA?
Folate, folic acid, THF.
81
How long will folate, folic acid, THF be stored for?
Not long so eat green leaves.
82
Vitamin C is aka?
Ascorbic acid.
83
What are 4 functions of vitamin C aka ascorbic acid?
1. Collagen formation. 2. Bone and blood vessel health. 3. Carnitine, hormone, and amino acid formation. 4. Wound healing.
84
A vitamin C deficiency leads to what?
Scurvy, poor wound healing.
85
Vitamin C facilitates absorption of what?
Iron by keeping iron in the Fe2+ reduced state.
86
Vitamin C is a necessary cofactor for what?
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase.
87
What will dopamine beta-hydroxylase do?
Converts dopamine to Norepinephron. So vitamin C is important in adrenal function.
88
Vitamin B7 is aka?
Biotin.
89
What is the function of biotin?
It is a cofactor for 3 reactions.
90
What are the 3 reactions that biotin is needed for as a cofactor?
1. pyruvate---\> ocaloacetate. 2. Acety-CoA---\> malonyl-CoA. 3. Propionyl-CoA----\> methylmalonyl-CoA.
91
What will a Biotin deficiency lead to?
Dermatitis, enteritis.
92
What causes a Biotin deficiency?
Antibiotic use and excessive ingestion of raw eggs.
93
What will raw eggs do to biotin?
The AVIDIN in egg whites avidly binds biotin.
94
What is the function of zinc?
Immune, metaloprotienase, BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) prevention
95
What will a zinc deficiency cause?
Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair, may predispose to alcoholic cirrhosis.
96
What is the doctor dogma of zinc deficiency?
Hangnails.
97
What can we eat to get iron in our diet?
Raisens.
98
How much Ca/P do we need a day?
2,000 mg/day.
99
What is Kwashiorkor?
Protein malnutrition resulting in skin lesions, edema, liver malfunction (fatty changes).
100
What will Kwashiorkors be caused by?
MEAL. Malnutrition, Edema, Anemia, Liver (fatty).
101
What would someone with Kwashiorkors look like?
A child with a swollen belly.
102
What is Marasmus?
Energy malnutrition resulting in tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat, and variable edema.
103
What amino acid deficiency will affect Heme?
Glycine.
104
What amino acid deficiency will affect creatine, urea, and nitric acid?
Arginine.
105
What amino acid deficiency will affect GABA, and Glutathione?
Glutamate.
106
What amino acid deficiency will affect the adrenal secretions (NE and EPI), melanin, thyroxine and also dopamine?
Phenylalanine.
107
What amino acid deficiency will affect melatonin, serotonin and niacin?
Tryptophan.
108
What amino acid deficiency will affect histamine?
Histidine.
109
What are the principal sources of Vitamin A?
- preformed vitamin: fish liver oils, liver, egg yolks, butter, vitamin A-fortified dairy products
- As provitamin carotenoids: dark green and yellow (leafy) vegetables, carrots, yellow and orange fruits
110
What are the principal sources of Vitamin D?
- Direct ultraviolet B irradiation of the skin
- (main source) fortified diary products
- (main dietary source) fish liver oils, fatty fish, liver
111
What are the principal sources of Vitamin E?
Vegetable oils, nuts, legumes
112
What are the principal sources of Vitamin K?
- Green leafy vegetables (especially collards, spinach and salad greens), soy beans, vegetable oils
- Bacteria in the GI tract after neonatal period
113
What are the principal sources of Vitamin B1?
Whole grains, meat (especially pork and liver), enriched cereal products, nuts, legumes, potates
114
What are the principal sources of Vitamin B2?
Milk, cheese, liver, meat, eggs, enriched cereal products
115
What are the principal sources of Vitamin B3?
Liver, red meat, fish, poultry, legumes, whole-grain or enriched cereals and breads
116
What are the principal sources of Vitamin B6?
Organ meats, whole-grain cereals, fish, legumes
117
What are the principal sources of Vitamin B12?
Meats (especially beef, pork and organ meets), poultry, eggs, fortified cereals, milk and milk products
118
What are the principal sources of Vitamin B9?
Fresh green, leafy vegetables, fruits, organ meets, enriched cereals and breads
119
What are the principal sources of Vitamin C?
Citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, strawberries, sweet peppers
120
What are the principal sources of Zinc?
Pumpkin seeds, oysters
121
