Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology I Test II > Environmental and Nutrition Diseases > Flashcards

Environmental and Nutrition Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Which Vitamins are Fat soluable?

A

A,D,E,K.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fat soluable absorption is dependent on what?

A

Gut and pancreas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why are fat soluable vitamins more toxic than Water soluable?

A

Because they accumulate in Fat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can cause fat soluable deficencies?

A

Malabsorption syndromes like cystic fibrosis and sprue, or mineral oil intake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which of the Water soluable vitamins can’t be washed out easy and where will it be stored?

A

B12, folate stored in the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vitamin A is what Nutrient?

A

Retinol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 functins of retinol aka Vitamin A?

A
  1. Rhodoposin formation. 2. Integrity of epithelia. 3. Lysosome stability. 4. Glycoprotein synthesis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What will Rhodopsin do?

A

It is a photoreceptor pigment in the retina known as retinal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What will Vitamin A deficiencies cause?

A

Night blindness, dry skin, perifollicular hyperkeratosis, xeropthalmia, keratomalacia, increased morbidity and mortality in young children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What will Vitamin A toxicity cause?

A

Headache, fatigue, skin changes, hepatospleomegaly, bone thickening/arthralgias, intracranial hypertension, and papilledema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What nutrient(s) will vitamin D be?

A

Cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 functions of cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol aka Vitamin D?

A

Ca and P absorption, mineralization and repair of bone, tubular reabsorption of Ca, insulin and thyroid function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vitamin D helps with insulin and thyroid function which leads to what?

A

Immune function, reduces autoimmune disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol aka vitamin D deficiency leads to what?

A

Rickets, osteomalacia, and hypocalcemic tetany.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What will Vitamin D toxicity lead to?

A

Hypercalcemiam anorexia, renal failure, metastatic calcifications.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

D2 and D3 what type of Vitamin D are they?

A

D2-ergocalciferol. D3-cholecalciferol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of Vitamin D comes from milk and what kind comes from the sun?

A

milk-D2. Sun-D3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is 25-OH D3?

A

Storage form of Vitamin D.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is 1,25 (OH)2 D3?

A

Active form of Vitamin D.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Excess Vitamin D is seen in what?

A

Sarcoidosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

disease where the pithelioid macrophages convert vitamin D inot its active form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What degree latitude do you need to live below to get enough vitamin D from the sun?

A

the 37th.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What levels of Vitamin D will make you deficient, insufficient, sufficient, and toxic?

A

Deficient- 20 ng/ml. Insufficient- 20-29 ng/ml. Sufficient- 30 ng/ML (Dr. R says 50). Toxic- more than 150 ng/ml.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What nutrient(s) will vitamin E be?

A

Alpha-tocopherol, other tocopherols.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 2 functions of alpha-tocopherol and other tocopherols aka vitamin E?

A

intracellular antioxidant, scavenger of free radicals in biologic MEMBRANES.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What will a Vitmain E deficieny lead to?

A

RBC hemolysis/fragility, neurologic deficits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What will a vitamin E toxicity lead to?

A

Tendency to bleed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the most active form of Vitamin E?

A

a-tocopherol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How many known forms of Vitamin E are there?

A

There are 8.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What nutrient(s) will Vitamin K be?

A

Phyloquinone, menaquinones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where will phyloquinones and menaquinoes come from?

A

Phyloquinone-plant. Menaquinones-animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the functions of the -quinones aka vitamin K?

A

formation of prothrombin and other coagulation factors and bone proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What will a vitamin K deficiency lead to?

A

Bleeding due to deficiency of prothrombin and other factors, osteopenia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the vitamin K dependent clotting factors?

A

II, VII, IX, X and protein C and S.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a vitamin K antagonist?

A

Warfarin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where can vitamin K be synthesized?

A

In intestine by flora.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What can lead to a vitamin K deficiency?

A

Prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Vitamin B1 is aka?

A

Thiamin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of Thiamin aka vitamin B1?

A

Carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucosem and alcohol metabolism. Central and peripheral nerve cell function, myocardial function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

A vitamin B1 or thiamin deficiency causes what?

A

Beriberi, Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the 2 types of Beriberi?

A

wet and dry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is wet and dry beriberi?

A

Dry- polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting. Wet- high output cardiac failure, edema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is seen when?

A

seen in alcoholism and malnutrition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Vitamin B2 is aka?

A

Riboflavin/ R-5-P (riboflavin-5-phosphate).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the 2 functions of vitamin B2 aka Riboflavin?

A
  1. Carbohydrate and protein metabolism. 2. Integrity of mucous membranes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What will a vitamin B2 aka Riboflacvin deficiency lead to?

A

Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, corneal vascularization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Vitamin B3 is aka?

A

Niacin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the different types of Niacin or vitamin B3?

A

Nicotininc acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the 2 functions of Niacin?

A
  1. Oxidation-reduction reactions [NADP+]. 2. carbohydrate cell metabolism [NAD+, (B3=3atp]
50
Q

Vitamin B3 and B2 equal how many ATP?

A

b2=2. B3=3.

51
Q

What will Vitamin B3 aka the niacins cause when deficient?

A

the 4 D’s. Dermatitis, diarrhea, Dementia, and Death.

52
Q

The 4 D’s or a vitamin B3 deficiency is known as what?

A

Pellagra.

53
Q

What will vitamin B3 aka niacin cause with toxic amounts?

A

Flushing (feels like a heart attack).

54
Q

Niacin is made by the body from what?

A

Tryptophan.

55
Q

Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan requires what?

A

B6.

56
Q

niacin can be a treatment for what?

A

High Cholesterol.

57
Q

Vitamin B5 is aka?

A

Pantothenate, dexpathenol.

58
Q

What is the function of pantothenate, dexpathenol aka vitamin B5?

A

Constituent of CoA (a cofactor for acyl transfers) and component of fatty acid synthase.

59
Q

What will a pantothenate, dexpathenol aka vitamin B5 deficiency lead to?

A

Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency.

60
Q

Vitamin B6 is aka what?

A

Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, converted to pyridoxal PO4. Ladies vitamin.

61
Q

Why is vitamin B6 aka the ladies vitamin?

A

It is important in the menstral cycle.

62
Q

What are the 3 functions of vitamin B6?

A
  1. Many aspects of nitrogen metabolism, porphyrin and heme synthesis, tryptophan conversion to niacin, glycogen phosphorylase. 2. Nucleic acid biosynthesis?decarboxylation reactions. 3. Fatty acid, lipid and amino acid metabolism.
63
Q

What will vitamin B6 deficiency lead to?

A

Seizures, anemia, neuropathiesm seborrheic dermatitis.

64
Q

A vitamin B6 deficiency can be induced by what?

A

INH and oral contraceptives.

65
Q

Vitamin B6 toxicity leads to what?

A

Peripheral neuropathy.

66
Q

Vitamin B12 is aka?

A

Cobalamins (cyano-, hydroxy-, methyl-).

67
Q

What are the functions of the cobalamins aka Vitamin B12?

A

Maturation of RBC’s, neural function, DNA synthesis, myelin synthesis and repair

68
Q

What will a cobalamine aka vitamin B12 deficieny cause?

A

Megaloblastic anemia, neurologic deficits, glossitis.

69
Q

Vitamin B12 is only found where?

A

In animals.

70
Q

Vitamin B12 is only synthesized by what?

A

Microorganisms.

71
Q

Vitamin B12 is stored where?

A

Liver.

72
Q

How much Cobalamins aka vitamin B12 can be stored in the liver?

A

Large reserves for several years.

73
Q

What will cause a Cobalamine aka vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Malabsorption, lack of intrinsic factor, or absence of terminal ileum.

74
Q

What test is used to detect the etiology of a vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Shilling test.

75
Q

Vitamin B12 aka cobalamine is the cofactor for what?

A

Homocysteine methyltransferase (transfers CH3 groups as methylcoablamin), and mehtylmalonyl-CoA mutase.

76
Q

With a vitamin B12 deficency due to decreased methionine or increased methylmalonic acid what happens?

A

Abnormal myelin. This leads to the neurologic deficits.

77
Q

Vitamin B9 is aka what?

A

Folate, folic acid, THF.

78
Q

What are the 3 functions of folate/folic acid?

A
  1. Maturation of RBC. 2. Synthesis of purines, pyrimidines and methionine. 3. Development of fetal nervous system.
79
Q

What will a folate or folic acid deficiency cause?

A

Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube birth defects, mental confusion.

80
Q

Of all the vitamins which one has the most common deficiency in the USA?

A

Folate, folic acid, THF.

81
Q

How long will folate, folic acid, THF be stored for?

A

Not long so eat green leaves.

82
Q

Vitamin C is aka?

A

Ascorbic acid.

83
Q

What are 4 functions of vitamin C aka ascorbic acid?

A
  1. Collagen formation. 2. Bone and blood vessel health. 3. Carnitine, hormone, and amino acid formation. 4. Wound healing.
84
Q

A vitamin C deficiency leads to what?

A

Scurvy, poor wound healing.

85
Q

Vitamin C facilitates absorption of what?

A

Iron by keeping iron in the Fe2+ reduced state.

86
Q

Vitamin C is a necessary cofactor for what?

A

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase.

87
Q

What will dopamine beta-hydroxylase do?

A

Converts dopamine to Norepinephron. So vitamin C is important in adrenal function.

88
Q

Vitamin B7 is aka?

A

Biotin.

89
Q

What is the function of biotin?

A

It is a cofactor for 3 reactions.

90
Q

What are the 3 reactions that biotin is needed for as a cofactor?

A
  1. pyruvate—> ocaloacetate. 2. Acety-CoA—> malonyl-CoA. 3. Propionyl-CoA—-> methylmalonyl-CoA.
91
Q

What will a Biotin deficiency lead to?

A

Dermatitis, enteritis.

92
Q

What causes a Biotin deficiency?

A

Antibiotic use and excessive ingestion of raw eggs.

93
Q

What will raw eggs do to biotin?

A

The AVIDIN in egg whites avidly binds biotin.

94
Q

What is the function of zinc?

A

Immune, metaloprotienase, BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) prevention

95
Q

What will a zinc deficiency cause?

A

Delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair, may predispose to alcoholic cirrhosis.

96
Q

What is the doctor dogma of zinc deficiency?

A

Hangnails.

97
Q

What can we eat to get iron in our diet?

A

Raisens.

98
Q

How much Ca/P do we need a day?

A

2,000 mg/day.

99
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

Protein malnutrition resulting in skin lesions, edema, liver malfunction (fatty changes).

100
Q

What will Kwashiorkors be caused by?

A

MEAL. Malnutrition, Edema, Anemia, Liver (fatty).

101
Q

What would someone with Kwashiorkors look like?

A

A child with a swollen belly.

102
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Energy malnutrition resulting in tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat, and variable edema.

103
Q

What amino acid deficiency will affect Heme?

A

Glycine.

104
Q

What amino acid deficiency will affect creatine, urea, and nitric acid?

A

Arginine.

105
Q

What amino acid deficiency will affect GABA, and Glutathione?

A

Glutamate.

106
Q

What amino acid deficiency will affect the adrenal secretions (NE and EPI), melanin, thyroxine and also dopamine?

A

Phenylalanine.

107
Q

What amino acid deficiency will affect melatonin, serotonin and niacin?

A

Tryptophan.

108
Q

What amino acid deficiency will affect histamine?

A

Histidine.

109
Q

What are the principal sources of Vitamin A?

A
  • preformed vitamin: fish liver oils, liver, egg yolks, butter, vitamin A-fortified dairy products
  • As provitamin carotenoids: dark green and yellow (leafy) vegetables, carrots, yellow and orange fruits
110
Q

What are the principal sources of Vitamin D?

A
  • Direct ultraviolet B irradiation of the skin
  • (main source) fortified diary products
  • (main dietary source) fish liver oils, fatty fish, liver
111
Q

What are the principal sources of Vitamin E?

A

Vegetable oils, nuts, legumes

112
Q

What are the principal sources of Vitamin K?

A
  • Green leafy vegetables (especially collards, spinach and salad greens), soy beans, vegetable oils
  • Bacteria in the GI tract after neonatal period
113
Q

What are the principal sources of Vitamin B1?

A

Whole grains, meat (especially pork and liver), enriched cereal products, nuts, legumes, potates

114
Q

What are the principal sources of Vitamin B2?

A

Milk, cheese, liver, meat, eggs, enriched cereal products

115
Q

What are the principal sources of Vitamin B3?

A

Liver, red meat, fish, poultry, legumes, whole-grain or enriched cereals and breads

116
Q

What are the principal sources of Vitamin B6?

A

Organ meats, whole-grain cereals, fish, legumes

117
Q

What are the principal sources of Vitamin B12?

A

Meats (especially beef, pork and organ meets), poultry, eggs, fortified cereals, milk and milk products

118
Q

What are the principal sources of Vitamin B9?

A

Fresh green, leafy vegetables, fruits, organ meets, enriched cereals and breads

119
Q

What are the principal sources of Vitamin C?

A

Citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, strawberries, sweet peppers

120
Q

What are the principal sources of Zinc?

A

Pumpkin seeds, oysters

121
Q
A

Pathology I Test II (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions