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psychology paper 3 > environmental > Flashcards

environmental Flashcards

1
Q

5 studies in topic 1 stressors in environment

A

Black and Black - airport
Lundberg - train
Glass and Singer - noise
Kenrick + Macfarlane - temperature
Ellis - rational emotive therapy

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2
Q

black and black research aim

A

relationship between aircraft noise and wellbeing for people living in the areas surrounding Sydney Airport

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3
Q

black and black sample

A

1500 people from 2 areas
one with over 50 aircraft noise occurences above 70dBs and South Penrith, 55km away from airport

two areas matched on socio-economic status

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4
Q

black and black procedure

A

questionnaires sent to participants regarding health, hypertension, annoyance from noise and info to eliminate extraneous variables such as levels of exercise

response rate just under 50%

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5
Q

results of black and black

A

participants from noise exposure group scored higher on annoyance levels, lower on general health and were 2.74 times more likely to have hypertension

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6
Q

glass and singer points

A

measured effects of noise on cognitive tasks eg impossible puzzles to measure resilience based on
-volume
-predictability
-percieved control - shown a switch and told they could stop noise by pressing it, others weren’t

negative effect on performance from loud, unpredictable and low percieved control sounds

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7
Q

kenrick and macfarlane points

A

-39 males and 36 females
-confederate driver at red light junction doesn’t move when light goes green for 12 seconds
-observer measures latency, quantity and duration of honk
-hotter days=longer honks

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8
Q

lundberg points

A

-the more crowded the train the higher the levels of adrenaline in urine
-72 min train to Stockholm
-passengers that boarded halfway through had higher adrenaline than people who had been on from the start as they had more control over picking their seat

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9
Q

ellis points

A

irrational thoughts can cause stressors to become worse
A- activating event
B - beliefs
C - consequences
D - disputing
E - effects of disputing

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10
Q

5 studies in topic 3 recycling and conservation behaviours

A

lord - recycling letters
luyben and bailey - proximity of bins
cialdini - towel reusage
yale model of persuasion
positive reinforcement

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11
Q

lord aim

A

impact of different messages and sources on recycling behaviour

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12
Q

lord sample

A

140 homes in metropolitan area of USA, quota sampling used to match households to community’s diversity

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13
Q

lord procedure

A

1) students observed and recorder an observation from contents of each households recycling bin
2) left stimulus message at front door the next day (positive/negative ad, news article or personal letter)
3) repeated observation on next collection day to see difference in recycling and adults sent questionnaire on participants beliefs in arguments raised by messages

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14
Q

lord results

A

-increase between 1st and 2nd week
-positive message had more favourable attitudes and beliefs
-adverts raised belief the most
-behaviour raised by negative personal letters the most

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15
Q

yale model of persuasion points

A

4 major factors involved in persuasive communication
source- credible
message - well educated audience
recipient - audience already committed to existing position leads to smaller attitude changes
situation - informal

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16
Q

positive reinforcement points

A

in Oregon and New York
1971 Oregon passed a bottle bill and rate of return rose to 90%

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17
Q

luyben and bailey points

A

increased number of recycling containers in 4 mobile home parks from 1 to 6
in 2 parks children given toys for recycling newspapers
52% increase in proximity
92% in operant conditioning

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18
Q

cialdini points

A

randomly assigned cards with 5 different messages to 260 guest rooms
-help hotel save energy
-help save the environment
-join your fellow citizens in helping to save the environment
social norm message was most successful - 40% reused their towels
20% for first message reused

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19
Q

5 studies in topic 2 biological rhythms

A

czeisler et al - rotating shift work schedules
siffre - living underground
precker et al - german high schools
melatonin supplements
light box treatment

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20
Q

czeisler aim

A

take advantage of those properties of the circadian system that individuals share in common

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21
Q

czeisler sample

A

potash production plant in Utah, USA
153 male employees
85 on rotating shifts
68 on not rotating shifts

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22
Q

czeisler procedure

A

1) initial self reports conducted to find out employees experience of shift system
2) all workers given audio visual presentation on circadian sleep cycle, and suggestions on how to adjust their sleep time to fit work schedule
3) 85 workers on rotating shifts were moved to phase delay, 33 rotate every 7 days and 52 rotate every 21
4) after 3 months they gave workers questionnaires to fill in on their preferences, after 9 months plant productivity was analysed

23
Q

czeisler results

A

-initial self reports found 29% of rotating shift employees fell asleep at work and 81% said it took 2-4 days to adjust after each phase advance
-more workers preferred phase delay schedules and 21 day schedule workers were happier
-21 day phase delay rotation workers more productive than they had been

24
Q

siffre points

A

french scientist lived 400 feet below Earth’s surface in a cave in Alps for 2 months
cave was completely dark apart from a lightbulb
he was in contact with team on surface to let them know when he woke up, ate, and went to sleep
body followed same sleep wake cycle of 24 hours and 30 minutes

25
precker et al points
272 students in 9th and 10th grade at 5 german high schools given a questionnaire and a cognitive test 132 parents filled in a questionnaire rating their childs chronotype being an owl was a negative predictor of overall grade point average controls- cognitive ability, achievement, motivation and gender
26
melatonin supplements points
suprachiasmatic nucleus detects changes in light levels from environment e.g when they are low it instructs pineal gland to release melatonin which induces sleep good for phase advance
27
light box treatment points
phototherapy involves sitting near a light box, which emits artificial light if used at start of night shift it would reduce production of melatonin and trick the body into thinking it is day time Costa - found light therapy improved physical fitness, sleep patterns and feelings of tiredness good for phase delay
28
5 studies in topic 4 ergonomics
drews and doig - intensive care unit nurses brown and poulton - car driving miller - chunking hawthorne studies - light at work higuera trujillo - coloured room
29
drews and doig aim
to see if using a new display system on computers used to monitor patients would reduce nurses cognitive load
30
drews and doig sample
42 experienced nurses hospital in Utah
31
drews and doig procedure
1) nurses randomly assigned to CVS or control group, CVS had graphical representations and use of colour 2) all given 20 minute training 3) given 4 fake patient scenarios to evaluate and recommend interventions 4) response times and accuracy were assessed 5) after trial nurses given self reports to complete on workload and a 7 point likert scale about desirability of display
32
drews and doig results
-30% improvement of response time in CVS group -2/4 patient scenarios the CVS group were better at recognising patients condition -CVS rated desirable -in control condition only one nurse accessed trend info by pressing a button
33
brown and poulton points
participants drove car in one of two conditions -residential area -car park of shopping centre listened to a tape containing series of numbers and had to identify numbers that changed from 1 sequence to the next made more errors when in shopping centre car park-cognitive overload
34
miller points
most people can hold 7 pieces of information in STM if we chunk information together into units that mean something to us then the 7 chunks of remembered material can be quite large
35
hawthorne studies points
investigated impact on physical environment on productivity of workers at Hawthorne Plant levels of light 16 women assembling electrical relay switching keep levels of light constant for control group any change leads to increased productivity, if workers know they are being observed then this alone improves performance
36
higuera truijillo points
80 spanish students, 40 male 40 female they wore VR headsets that changed colour of room participants carried out 2 cognitive tasks -memory task - how many words participants can memorise and recall -attention task - how quickly participants can react to auditory stimuli results suggested purple made participants perform better
37
5 studies in topic 5, effects of built environment
ulrich, view through window surgery cohen et al, noise white et al, green space newman and pruitt igoe, defensible space armitage, cul de sacs
38
ulrich aim
to see if the views from a hospital window affects the recovery time from surgery
39
ulrich sample
46 patients in suburban pennyslyvania undergone gall bladder surgery aged between 20-69 23 pairs of patients matched on relevant criteria
40
ulrich procedure
1) records of patients assigned to rooms on 2nd and 3rd floor were obtained - identical rooms with only difference being view from window (brick wall or trees) 2) participants matched on sex, age, smokers, obesity and colour of rooms 3) only studied from may- october as trees lost their leaves 4) measured their length of stay, strength of pain medication, minor complications, nurses notes and if they needed anxiety medication
41
ulrich results
-7.9 days in hospital with tree window compared to 8.7 -trees lower pain medication -bricks more negative nurses notes
42
cohen et al points
investigated reading ability of 54 children from new york city, attended same school of similar age noise level recorded on different floors and higher floors had less traffic noise correlated noise level readings with academic ability using a test which measured their ability to distinguish two different words found significant correlation between floor level and auditory discrimination (0.48)
43
white et al points
longitudinal over 10000 people in 1991-2008 for changes including income, marital status, employment, physical health results- green areas results in less mental distress and higher life satisfaction
44
newman and pruitt igoe points
-zone of territorial influence: fences or hedges to show private area -opportunities for surveillance: easy to spot intruders -image: encourage personalisation of residences -milieu: surroundings of building should be in more personal spaces e.g courtyards
45
armitage points
investigated whether cul de sacs are less likely to experience crime than through roads analysed records of crime in greater Manchester and west midlands cul de sacs, curvy without leaky footpaths, had lowest level of crime
46
5 studies for topic 6, territory and personal space
wells, office clutter and personalisation smith, beaches hall, zones of personal space middlemist, urinals sommer and ross, seating arrangements
47
wells aim
to study personalisation in office and its effects on employee's organisation and wellbeing
48
wells sample
20 companies from California 2 real estate agencies, air conditioning firm 338 surveys returned for interviews 23 employees from 5 companies used
49
wells procedure
1) self report surveys on: -personalisation, number and type of items displayed -satisfaction with work environment -job satisfaction -well being -employee perception of organisational wellbeing -personality traits -personal info e.g gender age 2) case studies tape recorded structured interviews for 10-15 mins where workspace was inspected
50
wells results
-women personalise more than males (11.12 compared to 7.62) -p<0.001 on personalisation leading to job satisfaction -personalisation not important to woman's well being on survey data, but interviews suggest otherwise -less staff turnover and greater staff morale in companies that allow personalisation
51
smith points
field observation on different nationalities and how they compete for beach space observations on french, german and US beaches interviews conducted size depth and width of territorial space recorded number and type of territorial markers recorded west germans made greater territorial claims, using sandcastles and reserved signs, french couldn't grasp it
52
hall points
based on observation of white middle class americans, hall states there are 4 zones: intimate - comforting and sex personal - contact with friends social - impersonal business contacts public - formal contact of individual and public contact cultures (Mediterranean, arabic) prefer less interpersonal space
53
middlemist points
whether personal space invasions cause uncomfortable physiological arousal in males carried out in American uni mens lavatory someone would come and occupy the stooge next to them, further away from them or none at all researcher sat in stall and observed how long they urinated for and how long it took them to start at closer distance they urinated for less time and took longer to start
54
sommer and ross points
arranged seating in Canadian hospital waiting room from sociofugal to sociopetal to promote social contact and overcome the depressing effect of the waiting room

psychology paper 3 (3 decks)

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