Environment relations Flashcards
“Resources are not they become” - natural resources are anything but natural as they are only considered so once humans have found a use for them
Zimmerman, 1933
Command and Control Management: a problem is found and a solution for its control is implemented. BUT this assumes problem are simple and linear when the environment and it problems are not.
Often results in reducing natural variation of ecosystems to make them more manageable but this results is unexpected outcomes and crises. E.g. decreasing genetic variation -> less resistant populations.
Holling and Meffe, 1996
The pathology go natural resource management - when the range of natural variation in a system is reduced, the system looses resilience. Hence advocate adaptive management with the golden rule “natural resource management should strive to retain critical types and ranges of natural variation in ecosystems.” This links to land ethic - a thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, beauty and sustainability of the biotic community
Holling and Meffe, 1996
Land ethic - Aldo Leopold, 1949
Ego-centric ethic, Homocentric/utilitarianism ethic, eco-centric ethic and paternship ethic
Merchant, 1997
mixing ones labour with nature creates ownership
Locke, 1690
Tragedy of the commons
Hardm, 1968
the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time
pinchot 1947
Discordant harmonies - some natural events are more drastic than human disturbances
Bottom, 1990
non-anthropocentrism vs weak anthropocentrism resource conservation.
Brown (2004) vs Norton 1984
Adaptive management has central elements of learning by doing, experimental views towards policy, expose evaluations and constant adapataion
Schmidt, 2017
Adaptive management incorporates ideas of resilience while still maintaining its identity, function and feedbacks
folke, 2006
Panarchy: models the interaction between social and ecological systems. Emphsises cross-scale interactions
Folke, 2006
Eco-feminist critique of environmentalism - there are important historical, symbolic and theoretical connections between the contorl/domination over women and over nature. Dualisms of nature and women depend on a subordinate other. e.g culture vs nature, male vs female.
Gaard, 2001
Environmental sexism - women connected to nature in their treamtne. e.g UNSNA gives no cash value to water carried by women but does to piped water. E.g. North American = mother earth = respected and not abused. Euro-American = mother nature = to be controlled. Desires only to provide for her children. Endless resoruces and tidying of their mess.
Gaard, 2001
Environmental racism: association of people of colour with nature marking their dual subordination. e.g. targeting of communities of colur for toxic waste disposal. Environmental classism: destruction of nature and disadvantaged communities.
gaard, 2001
Traditional Ecological Knowledge: aims to incorporate TEK with scene to better understand and mange the environment and empower first peoples.
Nadasdy, 1999
BUT TEK difficult to integrate due to dualisms i.e quantitive vs qualitative, literate vs oral. Hence hard to translate TEK into usable forms for managers. Also misunderstanding often arise fu to perception that managers just use TEK for lip service and that TEK does not actually exist due to language barriers. e.g.traditional imples static practise therefore dismissal of recent indigenous practises and assumption TEK is disappearing. Issues surrounding compartmentalisation of knowledge which TEK does not advocate.
Nadasdy, 1999
Environmental injustice- social justice being manifest into a host of environmental risks and bads
Schlosberg, 2013
Justice- social institutions should distribute goods so that a fair, efficient and productive society is maintained. 2 principles for justice: LIBERTY - every individual has an equal right to basic liberties. DIFFERENCE - social and economic inequalities operate to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society
Rawls, 1985
Justice - achieve by a focus on capabilities i.e. we should consider not just how goods are distributed but also how those goods should and will be used. e.g. difference between hunger from poverty and fasting.
Sen, 1999
Named practices for environmental justice - Distribution, Participation and Recognition.
Schlosberg, 2013
Cancer alley - louisiana named due to high proportion of cancer and dies issues. oil refiners and industrial sites mainly distributed in lower income, non-hite areas despite higher population densities
Blodgete, 2006
