Environment relations

Question 1

“Resources are not they become” - natural resources are anything but natural as they are only considered so once humans have found a use for them

Answer 1

Zimmerman, 1933

Question 2

Command and Control Management: a problem is found and a solution for its control is implemented. BUT this assumes problem are simple and linear when the environment and it problems are not.
Often results in reducing natural variation of ecosystems to make them more manageable but this results is unexpected outcomes and crises. E.g. decreasing genetic variation -> less resistant populations.

Answer 2

Holling and Meffe, 1996

Question 3

The pathology go natural resource management - when the range of natural variation in a system is reduced, the system looses resilience. Hence advocate adaptive management with the golden rule “natural resource management should strive to retain critical types and ranges of natural variation in ecosystems.” This links to land ethic - a thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, beauty and sustainability of the biotic community

Answer 3

Holling and Meffe, 1996

Land ethic - Aldo Leopold, 1949

Question 4

Ego-centric ethic, Homocentric/utilitarianism ethic, eco-centric ethic and paternship ethic

Answer 4

Merchant, 1997

Question 5

mixing ones labour with nature creates ownership

Answer 5

Locke, 1690

Question 6

Tragedy of the commons

Answer 6

Hardm, 1968

Question 7

the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time

Answer 7

pinchot 1947

Question 8

Discordant harmonies - some natural events are more drastic than human disturbances

Answer 8

Bottom, 1990

Question 9

non-anthropocentrism vs weak anthropocentrism resource conservation.

Answer 9

Brown (2004) vs Norton 1984

Question 10

Adaptive management has central elements of learning by doing, experimental views towards policy, expose evaluations and constant adapataion

Answer 10

Schmidt, 2017

Question 11

Adaptive management incorporates ideas of resilience while still maintaining its identity, function and feedbacks

Answer 11

folke, 2006

Question 12

Panarchy: models the interaction between social and ecological systems. Emphsises cross-scale interactions

Answer 12

Folke, 2006

Question 13

Eco-feminist critique of environmentalism - there are important historical, symbolic and theoretical connections between the contorl/domination over women and over nature. Dualisms of nature and women depend on a subordinate other. e.g culture vs nature, male vs female.

Answer 13

Gaard, 2001

Question 14

Environmental sexism - women connected to nature in their treamtne. e.g UNSNA gives no cash value to water carried by women but does to piped water. E.g. North American = mother earth = respected and not abused. Euro-American = mother nature = to be controlled. Desires only to provide for her children. Endless resoruces and tidying of their mess.

Answer 14

Gaard, 2001

Question 15

Environmental racism: association of people of colour with nature marking their dual subordination. e.g. targeting of communities of colur for toxic waste disposal. Environmental classism: destruction of nature and disadvantaged communities.

Answer 15

gaard, 2001

Question 16

Traditional Ecological Knowledge: aims to incorporate TEK with scene to better understand and mange the environment and empower first peoples.

Answer 16

Nadasdy, 1999

Question 17

BUT TEK difficult to integrate due to dualisms i.e quantitive vs qualitative, literate vs oral. Hence hard to translate TEK into usable forms for managers. Also misunderstanding often arise fu to perception that managers just use TEK for lip service and that TEK does not actually exist due to language barriers. e.g.traditional imples static practise therefore dismissal of recent indigenous practises and assumption TEK is disappearing. Issues surrounding compartmentalisation of knowledge which TEK does not advocate.

Answer 17

Nadasdy, 1999

Question 18

Environmental injustice- social justice being manifest into a host of environmental risks and bads

Answer 18

Schlosberg, 2013

Question 19

Justice- social institutions should distribute goods so that a fair, efficient and productive society is maintained. 2 principles for justice: LIBERTY - every individual has an equal right to basic liberties. DIFFERENCE - social and economic inequalities operate to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society

Answer 19

Rawls, 1985

Question 20

Justice - achieve by a focus on capabilities i.e. we should consider not just how goods are distributed but also how those goods should and will be used. e.g. difference between hunger from poverty and fasting.

Answer 20

Sen, 1999

Question 21

Named practices for environmental justice - Distribution, Participation and Recognition.

Answer 21

Schlosberg, 2013

Question 22

Cancer alley - louisiana named due to high proportion of cancer and dies issues. oil refiners and industrial sites mainly distributed in lower income, non-hite areas despite higher population densities

Answer 22

Blodgete, 2006