Environment Interaction Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
Organisms Interact with Environment
A
1) Take in information (sensation) and deciding deciding what information is important while filtering out the rest (attention)
2) Making complex decisions about that information (cognition), sometimes in a split second
3) Reacting (behavior)
2
Q
Selective Attention
A
Process by which one input is attended to and the rest are tuned out
Necessary due to limited attention capacity
3
Q
Dichotic Listening Setup
A
Person listens to info in one ear (attended channel) and ignore input to the other ear (unattended channel)
People remember some of attended channel but almost nothing from unattended
4
Q
Broadbent Filter Model of Selective Attention
A
Donald Broadbent
Model states: Inputs from environment first enter a sensory buffer. One input is selected and filtered based on physical characterstics of input. This prevents sensory overload
Other sensory info stays in buffer briefly, but quickly decays
At this point info is still raw data and hasn’t been transformed.
Next info enters short term memory and is processed for working memory
Model doesn’t account for cocktail party effect
5
Q
Cocktail Party Effect
A
Occurs when we immediately detect words of importance originating from unattended stimuli
6
Q
Anne Treisman’s Attentuation Model
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Accounts for cocktail effect
Mind has an attenuator which ‘turns down’ the unattended sensory input rather than eliminating it
7
Q
Selective Priming
A
Suggests people can be selectively primed to observe something either by frequent encounter or expectation
8
Q
Divided Attention
A
Occurs when and if we are able to perform multiple tasks simultaneously
Depends on characteristics of activities one is trying to multitask
9
Q
Resource Model of Attention
A
We have a limited pool of resources on which to draw when performing tasks
In general, if resources required to perform multiple tasks simultaneously excedd the available resources then the tasks cannot be accomplished at the same time
Factors: Task similarity, task difficulty, task practice
10
Q
Information-Processing Models
A
Assume information is taken in from environment and processed through steps including attention, perception, and storage into memory
As it goes, info is transformed
11
Q
Alan Baddeley’s Model
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Working Memory consists of:
1) Phonological loop - allows us to repeat verbal info to help remember
2) Visuospatial Sketchpad - allows us to use mental images to help remember
3) Episodic Buffer - Info in working memory can interact w/ info in long term memory
4) Central Executive - Overseer of entire process. Orchestrates by shifting and dividing attention
12
Q
Piaget’s Schema’s
A
Believed we either assimilate experiences by conforming them into our existing schemas
or Accommodate them by adjusting our schema’s to take into account new experiences
13
Q
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
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1) Sensorimotor Stage (0-2): Infants experience world through senses/movement; object permanence marks transition
2) Preoperational Stage (2-7): Children learn that symbols represent things, but lack logical reasoning; children are egocentric
3) Concrete Operational Stage (7-12): Children think logically about concrete events, learn math concepts, obtain principle of conservation
4) Formal Operational Stage (12-adult): Ability to think about abstract concepts, gain logical thought, deductive reasoning, systemic planning
14
Q
Trial and Error
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Employ repeated varied attempts until a problem is solved
15
Q
Algorithm
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Employ a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem
16
Q
Heuristics
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Employ mental shortcuts to solve a problem
17
Q
Insight
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Experience sudden flash of inspiration to help us solve a problem
18
Q
Fixation
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Unable to see a problem from a fresh perspective
19
Q
Mental Set
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Fixate on solutions that worked on the past though they might not apply to the current problem
20
Q
Functional Fixedness
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Tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanging
21
Q
Belief Bias
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Tendency to judge arguments based on what we believe about their conclusions rather than on whether they use sound logic
22
Q
Confirmation Bias
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Tend to only seek info that confirms what we believe, ignore info that refutes our belief
23
Q
Belief Perseverence
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Tendency to cling to beliefs depsite the presence of contrary evidence
24
Q
Overconfidence
A
We overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements
25
Consciousness
Awareness that we have of our internal states, the environment, and ourselves
26
Alertness and Arousal
Ability to remain attentive to what is going on; controlled by the reticular formation (in brainstem)
27
Stages of Sleep
Stage 1: EEG- Theta waves (low to moderate intensity and intermediate frequency); EMG- moderate activity; EOG- slow rolling eye movements
Stage 2: EEG-Theta waves interspersed w/ K-complexes and sleep spindles; EMG- moderate actvity; EOG- no eye movement
Stage 3: EEG- Slow wave sleep, delta waves (high amplitude, low frequency); EMG- moderate activity; EOG- no eye movement
REM: EEG- Beta waves, most similar to wakefulness, dreaming occurs here; EMG- no activity; EOG- quick bursts of eye movement
28
REM Stage
Dreaming occurs in this stage
| Missing REM sleep causes REM rebound the next night
29
Freud on Dreams
Manifest content- plotline of dream
Latent content- includes all our unconscious drives and wishes
He believed dreams were a way to understand inner conflicts and desires
30
Dyssomnias
Abnormalities in amount, quality, or timing of sleep
| ex: insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
31
Parasomnias
Abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep
| ex: somnmbulism(sleep walking), Night terrors
32
Consciousness Altering Drugs
Alter actions at neuronal synapses, enhancing, dampening, or mimicking the activity of the brain's natural neurotransmitters
33
Depressants
Work by depressing or slowing neural activity
Ex: alcohol
Barbiturates- depress sympathetic nervous system
Opiates- depress neural functioning
34
Stimulants
Either increase neurotransmitter release, reduce neurotransmitter uptake, or both
Ex: caffeine, nicotine, cocaine
35
Hallucinogens
Distort perceptions in absence of any sensory input
| Ex: LSD and Marijuana
36
Psychological Dependence
Often associated with use of drug in response to painful emotions related to depression, anxiety, or trauma
37
Physical Dependence
Evidenced by withdrawal
| Withdrawal- uncomfortable and often physically painful experience w/o use of drug. Alleviated when drug is used
38
Addiction
Biologically based
Enjoyable behaviors produce activity in dopamine circuits in brainstem
Dopaminergic pathway is natural pathway to a feeling of reward and pleasure
Addictive drugs share same characteristic of stimulating the release of dopamine
39
Emotions
Consists of three components:
Physiologycal
Behavioral
Cognitive
40
Physiological Arousal
Excitation of body's internal state
| Sensations that accompany emotion
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Universal Emotions
Expressed by all normal humans, regardless of culture
| Include: happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger, and disgust
42
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Relationship between performance and emotional arousal is a U-shaped correlation: people perform best when moderately aroused
43
James-Lange Theory
Physiological and behavior responses lead to cognitive aspect of emotion
Emotional experience is result of the physiological and behavioral actions
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Cannon-Bard Theory
The physiological and the cognitive occur simultaneously and independently; then lead to behavior reaction
Emotion and response happen independently and at the same time
45
Schachter-Singer Theory
Experience physiological arousal and make conscious cognitive interpreatation based on circumstances to identify emotion
46
Limbic System
Collection of brain structures primarily responsible for the experience of emotion
Amygdala- main structure
Hypothalamus- communicates w/ amygdala to control physiological aspects of emotion
Prefrontal cortex- Controls approach and avoidance behaviors
Hippocampus- saves emotional experiences as memories
47
Learned Helplessness
Sense of exhaustion and lack of belief in one's ability to manage situations
48
Behaviorist Model
B.F. Skinner
| Infants are trained to acquire language through operant conditioning
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Noam Chomsky
Proposed that all posses an innate 'Language Acquistion Device' that allows us to pick up language through exposure
AKA Universal Grammar
50
Wernicke's Area
Responsible for language comprehension
51
Nonassociative Learning
Occurs when an organism is exposed to one type of stimulus
| Includes habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization
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Habituation
Person learns to tune out a stimulus
| Dishabituation happens when stimulus is removed and person is no longer accustomed to stimulus
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Sensitization
Increase in responsiveness due to either repeated application or a particularly aversive or noxious stimulus
Stimulus produces an exaggerates response
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Associated Learning
Process of learning in which one event, object, or action is directly connected w/ another
Includes classical conditioning and operant conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
Two stimuli are paired in a way that the response to one stimuli changes
Ex: Pavlov's dogs
Requires:
Neutral stimulus- elicits no intrinsic response
Unconditioned stimulus- elicits an instinct response
Conditioned stimulus- Neutral stimulus after it elicits a conditioned response
Conditioned response- Leanred response to conditioned stimulus
56
Classical Conditioning Steps
1) Aquisition- process of learning conditioned response
2) Extinction- when conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are no longer paired, conditioned response eventually stops occuring
3) Spontaneous Recovery- an extinct conditioned response occurs again
4) Generalization- Process where stimuli other than original conditioned stimuli elicit conditioned response
5) Discrimination- Conditioned stimulus is differentiated from other stimuli
57
Operant Conditioning
Uses reinforcement and punishment to mold behavior and cause associative learning
Reinforcement or punishment must occur near time of behavior
B.F. Skinner and his rats
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Reinforcement
Anything that will increase likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
Positive: positive stimulus occurs immediately following behavior (Hippocampus involved)
Negative: negative stimulus is removed immediately following a behavior (Amygdala involved)
Primary: innately satisfying
Secondary: Learned reinforcers
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Reinforcement Schedule
Continuous- results in rapid acquisition and rapid extinction
Intermittent- slower acquisition and greater persistence
60
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Provides reinforcement after a set number of instances of behavior
Get reward after certain # of behavior
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Variable Ratio Schedule
Provides reinforcement after unpredictable number of occurences
Ex: gambling
Chances that a behavior produces outcome increases w/ # of responses
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
Provides reinforcement after a set period of time that is constant
Behavior will increase as reinforcement comes to an end
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Variable-Interval Schedule
Provides reinforcement after an inconsistent amount of time
| Provides a slow steady behavior response rate, b/c amount of time it will take reinforcement is unknown
64
Punishment
Process by which a behavior is followed by a consequence that decreases likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
Positive: negative stimulus paired w/ behavior
Negative: removal of reinforcing stimulus after behavior
65
Escape
Individual learns how to get away from aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behavior
Helps reinforce a behavior so they will be willing to engage in it again
66
Avoidance
Occurs when a person performs a behavior to ensure an aversive stimulus will not be presented
67
Observational Learning
Learning by watching and imitating
Modeling- an observer sees behavior performed by another
Observer later imitates behavior
Likelihood of imitating is based on how successful someone finds a behavior to be
Albert Bandura- Bobo doll tests showed children imitated aggressive behavior even w/o seeing consequence
68
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Explains how people will be influenced or persuaded
1) Message characteristics- features of message itself, logic and numbers
2) Source characteristics- person or venue delivering message
3) Target characteristics- self-esteem, intelligence, mood of person receiving message
Central Route: people are persuaded by content
Peripheral Route: people focus on superficial
Model says people choose central only when interested in topic and not distracted; otherwise choose peripheral
69
Social Cognition Theory
Theory of behavior change that emphasizs interactions btw people and environment
Focuses on how we interpret and respond to external events
70
Reciprocal Determinism
Interaction btw persons behaviors, personal factors, and environment
1) People choose environments which shape them
2) Personality shapes how people interpret and respond to environment
3) Personality influences situation to which they react
71
Twin Studies
Attempt to study human behaviors and conditions by determining the concurrence of certain behaviors and conditions btw pairs
72
Adoption Studies
Attempt to study human behaviors and conditions by determining the concurrence of certain behaviros and conditions between biological and adoptive family members
73
Motor Development
1) Reflexive Movements (0-1)- primitive involuntary movements that prime neuromuscular system
2) Rudimentary Movements (0-2)- First voluntary movement performed by child. Occur in predictable stages
3) Fundamental Movements (2-7)- Child is learning to manipulate body through basic physical actions. Highly influenced by environment
4) Specialized Movements (7-14)- children learn to combine fundamental movements and apply them to tasks
5) Application of Movements (14+)- Movements are refined and applied to normal daily activities
74
Harry and Margaret Harlow
Conducted important studies on monkeys to learn about the effects of isolation and social deprivation on development
75
Mary Ainsworth
Conducted experiments on infant attachment and found parenting style has an impact on whether an infant is securely or insecurely attached
Securely- Infants explore in presence of mom, distressed w/o mom, welcome mom's return
Insecurely- infants cling to mom, cry w/o mom, upset or indifferent to moms return
76
Encoding
Process of transferring sensory info into memory
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Serial Position Effect
More likely to remember the first and last items in a list
78
Aiding Encoding
Mnemonics- Uses rehearsal in phonological loop
Chunking- organize data into discrete groups of data
Make hierarchies for organization
Dual Coding Hypothesis- easier to remember words associated w/ images
Self-reference effect- easier to remember things personally relevant
79
Types of Memory
Sensory- initial recording of info; brief snapshot that quickly decays
Iconic- brief photographic memory for visual
Schoic- brief sound memory lasts 3-4s
Short-term Memory- 7 items of memory for ~20s
Long-term Memory- info retained indefinitely; infinite capacity
80
Implicit Memory
Conditionned associated and knowledge of how to do something
81
Explicit Memory
Ability to declare what is known
Semantic- memory for factual info
Episodic- autobiographical memory for personal importance
82
Retrieval
Process of locating information in memory
Free Recall: retrieval w/o hints or clues
Cued Recall: retrieval w/ cue or hint
Recognition: identification of info from a set
Priming: prior activation of certain memory nodes
83
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to encode new memories
84
Retrograde Amnesia
Inability to recall previously encoded information
85
Proactive interference
Previously learned behavior interferes w/ info learned later
86
Retrograde Interference
Newly learned info interferes w/ previous info
87
Personality
Individual pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior, associated w/ each person
88
Freud
Developed psychoanalytic theory of personality
Asserts personalities are made of our patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior
Shaped by our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories
Id- unconscious source of energy and instinct. Seeks to reduce tension, avoid pain, and gain pleasure
Ego- Ruled by reality uses logical thought and planning to control consciousness and id
Superego- inhibits id and influences the ego to follow moralistic goals rather than just realistic goals
89
Ego Defense Mechanism
To cope w/ anxiety and protect ego people develop ego defense mechanism to deny or distort reality
Become unhealthy only when taken to extremes
90
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital
Adult personality is determined during first three stages
If expression of sensual pleasure is frustrated or overindulged then there becomes psychological fixation
91
Erik Erikson
Extended Freud's theory of stages by adding social and interpersonal factors and including stages through adulthood
92
Erikson's Stages
1) Crisis of trusts vs mistrust
2) Crisis of autonomy vs shame and doubt
3) Crisis of Initiative vs guilt
4) Crisis of industry vs inferiority
5) Crisis of identity vs role confusion
6) Crisis of intamacy vs isolation
7) Crisis of generativity vs stagnation
8) Crisis of integrity vs despair
93
Carl Rogers
Developed humanistic theory of personality development
94
Humanistic Theory
Humans seen as inherently good w/ free will
| Motive of all people is actualizing tendency, drive to maintain and enhance organism
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Behavorist Perspective
Deterministic; our personalities are shaped by positive and negative reinforcements and punishments
People begin as blank slates
96
Social Cognitive Perspective
Personalities are shaped through conditioning and observational learning
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Trait Perspective
Personalities are defined by specific traits
| Source traits underlie our personality and behavior
98
Factors Influencing Motivation
1) Instincts- behaviors unlearned and fixed
2) Drives- urge originating from physiological discomfort
3) Arousal- desire to achieve optimum arousal
4) Needs- ex: safety, love, achievement
99
Drive Reduction Theory
Organisms are motivated to reduce physiological drives which results in behovior
100
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Suggests phsyiological needs must first be met before higher level needs
101
Anxiety Disorders
Excessive worry, uneasiness, apprehension and fear
| Physiological and psychological symptoms
102
Mood Disorders
Characterized by disturbance in mood or affect
Two broad categories are distinguished by presence or absence of manic or hypomanic episode
Persistent pattern of abnormal mood to cause personal distress
Bipolar I: at least one manic episode; symptoms everyday for at least a week
Bipolar II: less extreme manic phases; hypomanic- euphoric mood for at least 4 days
103
Personality Disorders
Characterized by maladaptive patterns of behavior and cognition that depart from social norms
Cause significant dysfunction and distress
104
Psychotic Disorders
Characterized by general loss of contact w/ reality which includes delusions, hallucinations, and psychosis
ex: Schizophrenia and Delusional disorder
105
Dissociative Disorders
Characterized by disruptions in memory, awareness, identity, or perception
106
Eating Disorders
Disruptive eating patterns that negatively impact physical and mental health
107
Neurocognitive Disorders
Cognitive decline in memory, problem solving, and perception
108
Sleep Disorders
Interruption in sleep patterns
109
Somatoform Disorders
Symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical condition, substance use, and not attributable to another mental disorder
110
Substance Related Disorders
Substance abuse and physical and mental dependence
111
Schizophrenia
Person is out of touch w/ reality
Two clear symptoms of psychosis for portion of one month
Positive symptoms: (added) delusions of grandeur, hallucinations, catatonic behavior
Negative symptoms: (removed) absent emotional expression, reduced fluency, reduced will to do things
112
Attitudes Predict Behavior
1) Social influences are reduced (people more honest if anonymous)
2) General patterns of behavior
3) Specific attitudes considered
4) Attitudes made powerful by self-reflection
113
Behavior Influences Attitudes
1) Role Playing: Philip Zimbardo's prison study
2) Public Declaration
3) Justify our Efforts
114
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Explains that we feel tension whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs that are incompatible or when attitudes and behaviors don't match
115
Personal Identity
One's own sense of personal attributes
116
Social Identity
Social definitions of who you are
117
Aspect's of Identity
```
Age
Disability Status
Religion
Ethnicity/race
Sexual Orientation
Socioeconomic Class
Indigenous Background
National origin
Gender
```
118
Self-Reference Effect
Tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves
Harder to remember info that is inconsistent w/ our self-concept
119
Carl Rogers
Proposed idea of ideal self and real self
Ideal self: constructed out of life experiences, societal expectations, role models; person you ought to be
Real self: person you actually are
Incongruity develops when real self falls short of ideal self
120
Self-Efficacy
Belief in one's own competence and effectiveness
| Varies btw tasks
121
Locus of Control
Internal: these people believe they are able to influence outcomes by their own efforts and actions
External: Believe outcomes controlled by an outside force
122
Self-Esteem
Our overall evaluation of our self-worth
123
Charles Cooley
Posited idea of looking glass self
| Person's sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions w/ others in society and the perceptions of others
124
George Herbert Mead
Developed idea of social behaviorism
| Mind and self emerge through the process of communicating w/ others
125
Socialization
Process through which people learn to be proficient and functional members of society
Sociological process learning the attitudes, values, and beliefs that are reinforced in a particular culture
126
Norms
Society's rules and expectations for the behavior of its members.
Enforced by sanctions- rewards and punishments for behaviors that are in accord or against norms
Formal norms- written down
Informal norms- generally understood, but less precise
127
Mores
Norms that are highly important for the benefit of society and so are strictly enforced
128
Folkways
less important norms that shape every day behavior
129
Agents of Socialization
Family, school, peers, workplace, religion/government, mass media/technology
130
Assimilation
Process in which an individual forsakes own cultural tradition to adopt those of a different culture
Individual conforms to culture of dominant group
131
Amalgamation
Majority and minority groups combine to form a new group
| Forms a unique cultural group distinct from any initial groups
132
Multiculturalism
Perspective that endorses equal standing for all cultural traditions
133
Attribution Theory
Attempts to explain how individuals view behavior
Dispositional attribution- attribute behavior to internal causes
Situational attribution- attribute behavior to external causes
Determined by consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
134
Attribution Error
Tend to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of a person's character or personality in determining someones behavior
ie: we tend to assume people are how they act
135
Self-Serving Bias
Tendency to attribute successes to ourselves and our failures to others or the external environment
136
Social Perception
Involves the understanding of others in our social world
| Initial info we process about other people in order to understand their mindsets and intentions
137
False Consensus
We assume everyone else agrees w/ what we do
138
Projection Bias
Assume others have same beliefs we do
139
Stereotypes
Oversimplified ideas about groups of people based on characteristics
Can be positive or negative
140
Prejudice
Thoughts, feelings, and attitudes about another group that are not based on actual experiences
141
Discrimination
Acting a certain way, usually negatively, toward a group
Institutional Discrimination- unjust and discriminatory practices employed by large organizations that have been codified into operating procedures
142
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Stereotypes can lead to behaviors that affirm the original stereotype
143
Stereotype Threat
Self-fulfilling fear that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
144
Ethnocentrism
Tendency to judge people from another culture by standards of one's own culture
Favoritism of in-group over the out-group
145
Cultural Relativism
Judging a culture based on its own standards
146
Group
People who regularly interact and identify w/ each other
Primary group- play important role in each others lives (meet emotional needs)
Secondary group- larger and more impersonal (meet pragmatic needs)
In-group- group that individual belongs and believes to be integral to individual
Out-group- group individual does not belong to
147
Reference Group
Standard measure that people compare themselves to
148
Social Facilitation Effect
People perform simple, well-learned tasks better w/ others present
Presence of others impairs performance of complex or novel tasks
149
Deindividuation
People lose sense of restraint and individual identity in exchange for identifying w/ a group or mob mentality
Lack of self-awareness and result of disconnection of behavior from attitudes
Influenced by: group size, physical anonymity, arousing activities
150
Bystander Effect
Person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders
151
Social Loafing
Tendency for people to exert less effort if evaluated as a group than if individually accountable
152
Group Polarization
Groups tend to intensify preexisting views of their members
Suggests entire group tends toward more extreme versions of the average views they initially shared
Due to:
Informational Influence- most common ideas to emerge favor the dominant viewpoint
Normative influence- desire to be accepted into group
153
Groupthink
State of harmony within a group
| Because of agreeableness group can lead to terrible decisions
154
Solomon Asch
Performed conformity experiments
| People will conform to group's decision to avoid discomfort of being different
155
Stanley Milgram
Conducted shock experiments to test obedience
156
Behavior Motivated by Social Influences
1) Compliance- motivated by desire to seek reward or avoid punishment
2) Identification- motivated by desire to be like another
3) Internalization- motivated by values and beliefs that are integrated into own value system
157
Normative Social Influence
Motivation for compliance is desire for the approval of others and to avoid rejection
People conform b/c want to be likes and accepted
158
Informational Social Influence
Process of complying b/c we want to do the right thing and feel like other know more
More likely to apply to new situations, ambiguous situations, and in presence of obvious authority
159
Status
Broad term that refers to all socially defined positions within a society
Ascribed statuses are assigned to a person
Achieved statues are earned by person
160
Social Roles
Expectations of a person of a given social status
161
Role Conflict
Conflict in a society's expectations for multiple statues held by same person
162
Role Strain
Single status results from conflicting expectations
163
Role Exit
Disengaging from a role that has become closely tied to one's self identity to take on another
164
Types of Organizations
1) Utilitarian- members get paid for efforts
2) Normative- motivate membership by morally relevant goals
3) Coercive- members do not have a choice in joining
165
Impression Management
Conscious or unconscious process where people attempt to manage their own images by influencing perceptions of others
166
Self-Handicapping
Strategy in which people create obstacles and excuses to avoid self-blame when they do poorly
Easier to erect external hindrances than consider interal characteristics
167
Dramaturgical Perspective
Symbolic interactionism
| Posits that we imagine ourselves playing certain roles when interacting w/ others
168
Nonverbal Communication
All methods of communication that we use that don't include words
Gestures, tough, body language, eye contact, pitch, volume, intonation, rhythm
169
Attraction
Primary component of love
Explains friendship, romance, and close social relationships
Fostered by proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity
170
Social Support
Major determinant of health and wellbeing
171
Society
group of people who share a culture and live/interact w/ each other within a definable area
172
Functionalism
View that conceptualizes society as a living organism w/ many different parts and organs, each w/ a distinct purpose
Emile Durkheim
Dynamic Equilibrium- healthy society maintain equilibrium of many diverse parts
173
Conflict Theory
View society as a competition for limited resources which results in inequality
174
Symbolic Interactionism
Starts at the micro level and sees society as the buildup of everyday typical interactions
Theory focuses on communication, the exchange of info through language and symbols
175
Social Constructionsims
Argues that people actively shape their reality through social interactions
Society is constructed, not inherent
176
Social Stratification
The way people are categorized in society
177
Caste System
Closed stratification
| People can do nothing to change the category they were born into
178
Class System
Considers both social and individual initiative
| Classes are open
179
Social Mobility
Ability to move up or down a social class
180
Intergenerational Mobility
Occurs when there is an increase or decrease in social class btw parent and children
181
Intragenerational Mobility
Describes the difference in social calss btw different members of the same generation
182
Social Reproduction
Refers to structures and activities in place in a society that serve to transmit and reinforce social inequality from one general to the next
183
Cultural Capital
Non-financial social assets that promote social mobility
184
Social Capital
Potential for social networks to allow for upward social mobility
