Environment I and II Flashcards
which drug is the major offender causing osteoparosis?
corticosteroids
which drugs are primary offenders for PE?
oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy
Renal papillary necrosis is caused mainly by which groups of drugs?
aspirin and phenacetin
broad spectrum antibiotics are well known to cause what GI problem?
pseudomembranous colitis
which bacteria is usually the culprit for psudomembranous colits?
C. diff
what makes up the membrane in pseudomembranous colitis?
necrotic cellular material and inflammatory cells
The number of cancer survivors is increasing each year because?
1) earlier detection
2) Better supportive care and treatment
What is considered one of the largest risk factors for acquiring a secondary cancer?
treatment for the primary cancer
why are these cancers usually associated with secondary cancers? (Hodgkins, non Hodgkins, breast cancer, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and cervical cancer)
1) treated with radiation and chemotherapy
2) usually occur early in life so more time to get another cancer
which one type of cancer is highly associated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy?
Leukemia
which 3 types of cancer are frequently associated with just radiotherapy?
Leukemia
Thyroid cancer
Female breast cancer
what are the 4 things that are usually measured in air pollution?
1) PM
2) 03
3) SO2
4) NO2
what is the most common sign of asbestos exposure?
localized fibrous plaques
which disease process is characteristic of fibrous plaques (focally calcified) in the pleural surface of the diaphragm that can be seen on X-ray?
Asbestos related fibrosis
what are the two forms of asbestos fibers?
chrysotile (curly and flexable)
amphibole (straight, stiff, brittle)
which type of asbestos fiber is the most common type found is individuals?
chrysotile type. It accouts for 95%
which type of asbestos fiber is most pathogenic?
Amphibole type. They go deeper into the lungs
which type of asbestos fiber cause lung cancer and fibrosis?
Both
when you see fibrosis due to asbestos encasing the heart and lungs as well as the diaphragm, what type of fiber would you suspect is causing this damage?
Amphibole type fiber because they are more pathogenic.
T/F smoking + asbestos increasing your risk for lung cancer 2x?
False it actually increases it 55 fold
What signs and symptoms arise with CO poisoning?
(just like alcohol intoxication) #1 headache followed by: nausea, breathlessness, dizziness, collapse, loss of consciousness
If you find a person that is bright red (skin) and passed out on the floor what should immediately come to mind? (other than thinking that this man has got redman syndrome for vanco)
1) CO poisoning. cherry red skin in blotches.
post CO poisoning, what findings would you expect to see in the brain?
1) bilateral necrosis of the globus pallidus
2) sommers sector of hippocampus
3) cerebellar lesions
T/F the average radon concentration in iowa is 6X more than the national average?
TRUE
How does radon cause pathology?
It breaks down in a radioactive fashion releasing alpha particles. These can cause free radicals or directly cause double strand breaks in the DNA
What is the leading cause of lung cancer? #2 cause?
#1 smoking. #2 is radon
T/F Radon is the 7th leading cause of all cancer cancer deaths?
TRUE
What is the best way to prevent radon from entering into your house?
#1 suck it out before it even enters. This would be followed by sealing all cracks and holes entering into your house.
T/F lead poisoning is decreasing?
TRUE
which group of individuals is most prone to having lead poisoning?
children
poverty (old houses)
what are the main sources of lead by inhalation and by ingestion?
Inhalation=occupational
Ingestion=think old house
T/F Iowa rate of lead poisoning is about the same as the national average?
False it is 4X higher
what is the predominant organ for deposition of lead in children?
bones within the epiphysial region
T/F lead mainly affects the Nervous system, blood, and bones?
TRUE
can you see lead poisoning on X ray?
Yes, you will see it specifically in children as there will be an increased radiodensity in the epiphseal region of the bone.
what is considered a high lead load?
above 5 ug/dl
Decreased IQ, hearing loss, growth retardation, etc usually occur within what range of lead poisoning?
at the lower levels from 5-10 ug/dl
In which way (primarily) do pesticides and insecticides enter the body?
through the skin
what effects do insecticides have on the body?
Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis/muscle weakness
Bronchorrhea
Bradycardia
Emesis
Lacrimation
Salivation/sweating
organophosphates and carbamates cause pathology by?
inhibiting cholinesterase
T/F insecticides can cause cancer?
TRUE
which type of radiation causes DNA damage?
Ionizing radiation….(UV, X ray, Gamma)
which type of radiation has the greatest penetrability?
gamma radiation
alpha particles break into? beta? gamma?
alpha=2 neutrons and 2 protons
beta= electrons from nucleus
gamma=wave energy only
radiation exposure from medicine accounts for what percent of of total radiation exposure?
about 50%
T/F Ionizing radiation injury is directly proportional to mitotic activity, and inversely proportional to degree of differentiation.
TRUE
where would you see most damage due to radiation…in the lymphocytes or in the skin?
lymphocytes because they are more sensitive just like germ cells and bone morrow cells.
what do you generally see in the thymus after exposure with radiation?
atrophy because it is packed full of lymphocytes.
what do cells look like post radiation exposure?
nucleus: swelling, vacuolization, lysis
cytoplasm: swelling, vacuolization, mitochondrial changes
overall cell enlargement that looks like cancer.
what does radiation exposure do to vessels? 4x
1) dilatation
2) swelling/edema
3) hemorrhage
4) fibrosis
what are 2 common signs of radiation exposure?
1) pitting edema
2) ulcerations
histologically, what do you see post radiation?
1) atrophy of the epidermis
2) fibrosis of the dermis
3) vascular changes
T/F radiation therapy can cause thickening of the pericardium?
TRUE
what killed most people with the dropping of the atomic bomb?
50% bomb blast
50% heat and radiation
Radiation exposure causes 3 phases in chronological order which are?
1) prodromal phase (nausea, vomiting, cognitive changes)
2) asymptomatic phase (feel fine)
3) principal phase of illness (later effects)
at what point does radiation exposure become 100% lethal?
above 10 SV units
urticaria is mainly caused by what?
antibiotics (sulfur) and opiates
what is the major offender for diffuse hepatocellular damage?
Tylenol, it affects mainly centrolobar zone III
