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Environment Conventions Flashcards
UNCCD?
Came from the direct recommendation of AGENDA21 .
Ha-Bonn.
UNCCD cop14 happened in India .
India is member of UNCCD .
We also launched National program to stop desertification.
UNCCD is funded by GEF.
A report shows that 30% land is facing land desertification
Which is the main reason for desertification as said by UNCCD?
Water erosion.
Max desertification is in which states?
Up,
Madyapradesh
Stockholm declaration led to foundation of ?
In 1972 it led to foundation of UNEP.Hq,Nairobi.
Vienna convention came in year ? And it’s related to ?
Came in 1985
It’s related to Montreal protocol, o3 layer protection
Brundtland commission and report came in ?
First came in 1987,
Most imp. Thing is it gave the term sustainable development.
When IPCCC was established ?
In 1988. By Wmo and unep.
Who monitors greenhouse gases?
UNFCCC
In 1992, two important things came ?
They are
- global environment facility(GEF)
- Rio earth summit.
Unfccc and UNCCD and Uncbd came in which summit ?
RIO SUMMIT OF 1992
Uncbd was signed on which day?
On June 5th . World environment day
Which protocols comes under UNCBD?
Nagoya
Cartagena
Aichitargets
Cop11 cbd hyderabad
Nagoya protocol is related to ?
Bio piracy.
Means ensures no one snatches our rich biological resources from our country.
Cartagena protocol? Related to
It’s related to Biosafety.
So that harmful bio substances won’t result in any kind of imbalance to nature.
Aichi targets ?
Related to Biodiveristy targets.
Washington convention is another name for ?
UN CITES.
Convention on international trade in endangered species.
It’s an inter govt treaty.
Uncites divides animals into 3 categories——
Appendix 1 species threatened with extinction like tiger.
Appendex 2 species not threatened with extinction
Appendex 3 listed species which are threatened at least in one country.
What protocols comes under the UNFCCC ?
Kyoto1 Kyoto2(Doha agreement ) Clean development mechanism CDM carbon trade Carbon credit Paris agreement 2015 Bonn 2017 , talanoa dialouge Katowice 2018.
The agreement, adopted by 192 countries in Doha in 2012, extended the application of the 1997 climate treaty, Kyoto Protocol, till 2020 and set legally binding emission reduction targets industrial countries. On Thursday, Ghana became the 143rd country to ratify the amendment..
The Doha Amendment, which establishes the Kyoto Protocol’s 2013-2020 second commitment period, has received the required number of ratifications to enter into force. Once in force, the emission reduction commitments of participating developed countries and economies in transition (EITs) become legally binding
Advanced information procedure , Advanced information agreement Bio safety cleaning houses LMOS living modified organisms “comes under which protocol and which convention ?
They are come under Cartagena protocol, and under UNCBD
PIC , Prior informed consent ?
Is under which convention ?
Rotterdam convention.
The Rotterdam Convention entered into force in 2004. It aims to promote shared responsibility and cooperation among Parties in addressing the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals, in order to protect human health and the environment from potential harm.
In 2012, the Secretariats of the Basel and Stockholm conventions, as well as the UNEP-part of the Rotterdam Convention Secretariat, merged to a single Secretariat with a matrix structure serving the three conventions.[1] The three conventions now hold back to back Conferences of the Parties as part of their joint synergies decisions.
The ninth meeting of the Rotterdam Conference[2] was held from 29 April to 10 May 2019 in Geneva, Switzerland..
Us is non member to this convention.
What harmful chemical substances are covered under Rotterdam convention ?
Substances covered under the Convention[edit] 2,4,5-T and its salts and esters Alachlor Aldicarb Aldrin Asbestos – Actinolite, Anthophyllite, Amosite, Crocidolite, and Tremolite only Benomyl (certain formulations) Binapacryl Captafol Carbofuran (certain formulations) Chlordane Chlordimeform Chlorobenzilate DDT Dieldrin Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and its salts Dinoseb and its salts and esters 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) Endosulfan Ethylene dichloride Ethylene oxide Fluoroacetamide Hexachlorocyclohexane (mixed isomers) Heptachlor Hexachlorobenzene Lindane Mercury compounds including inorganic and organometallic mercury compounds Methamidophos (certain formulations) Methyl parathion (certain formulations) Monocrotophos Parathion Pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters Phosphamidon (certain formulations) Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) Polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT) Tetraethyl lead Tetramethyl lead Thiram (certain formulations) Toxaphene Tributyltin compounds Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TRIS)[3]
What substances are proposed for addition to the convention ?
Substances proposed for addition to the Convention[edit]
The Chemical Review Committee of the Rotterdam Convention decided[4] to recommend to the seventh Conference of the parties meeting in 2015 that it consider the listing of the following chemicals in Annex III to the convention:
Chrysotile asbestos (discussion deferred from the previous meeting of the Conference of the Parties).
Fenthion (ultra low volume (ULV) formulations at or above 640 g active ingredient/L)
Liquid formulations (emulsifiable concentrate and soluble concentrate) containing paraquat dichloride at or above 276 g/L, corresponding to paraquat ion at or above 200 g/L
Trichlorfon.
Eight of the largest chrysotile producing and exporting countries opposed such a move at the Rotterdam Conference of Parties in 2015: Russia, Kazakhstan, India, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Cuba, and Zimbabwe.
What abt Rotterdam rules ??????
“Rotterdam Rules” (formally, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea) is a treaty proposing new international rules to revise the legal framework for maritime affreightment and carriage of goods by sea.
Basel convention ?
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, usually known as the Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs). It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive waste. The convention is also intended to minimize the rate and toxicity of wastes generated, to ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate.
Although the United States is not a party to the treaty, export shipments of plastic waste from the United States are now “criminal traffic as soon as the ships get on the high seas,” according to the Basel Action Network (BAN), and carriers of such shipments may face liability, because the transportation of plastic waste is prohibited in just about every other country.
Another is the 1988 Koko case in which five ships transported 8,000 barrels of hazardous waste from Italy to the small town of Koko in Nigeria in exchange for $100 monthly rent which was paid to a Nigerian for the use of his farmland.
The nine UN member states that are not party to the treaty are East Timor, Fiji, Grenada, Haiti, San Marino, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, Tuvalu, and United States.[1]
The Plastic Waste Amendments of the convention are now binding on 186 States. In addition to ensuring the trade in plastic waste is more transparent and better regulated, under the Basel Convention governments must take steps not only to ensure the environmentally sound management of plastic waste, but also to tackle plastic waste at its source.[15]
Basel watchdog[edit]
The Basel Action Network (BAN) is a charitable civil society non-governmental organization that works as a consumer watchdog for implementation of the Basel Convention. BAN’s principal aims is fighting exportation of toxic waste, including plastic waste, from industrialized societies to developing countries. BAN is based in Seattle, Washington, United States, with a partner office in the Philippines. BAN works to curb trans-border trade in hazardous electronic waste, land dumping, incineration, and the use of prison labor.
What is hazardous waste that falls under the Basel convention ?
Definition of hazardous waste[edit]
Waste falls under the scope of the convention if it is within the category of wastes listed in Annex I of the convention and it exhibits one of the hazardous characteristics contained in Annex III.[7] In other words, it must both be listed and possess a characteristic such as being explosive, flammable, toxic, or corrosive. The other way that a waste may fall under the scope of the convention is if it is defined as or considered to be a hazardous waste under the laws of either the exporting country, the importing country, or any of the countries of transit.[8]
The definition of the term disposal is made in Article 2 al 4 and just refers to annex IV, which gives a list of operations which are understood as disposal or recovery. Examples of disposal are broad, including recovery and recycling.
Alternatively, to fall under the scope of the convention, it is sufficient for waste to be included in Annex II, which lists other wastes, such as household wastes and residue that comes from incinerating household waste.[9]
Radioactive waste that is covered under other international control systems and wastes from the normal operation of ships are not covered.
The OECD Council also has its own control system that governs the transboundary movement of hazardous materials between OECD member countries. This allows, among other things, the OECD countries to continue trading in wastes with countries like the United States that have not ratified the Basel Convention.
Parties to the convention must honor import bans of other parties.
Article 4 of the Basel Convention calls for an overall reduction of waste generation. By encouraging countries to keep wastes within their boundaries and as close as possible to its source of generation, the internal pressures should provide incentives for waste reduction and pollution prevention. Parties are generally prohibited from exporting covered wastes to, or importing covered waste from, non-parties to the convention.
The convention states that illegal hazardous waste traffic is criminal but contains no enforcement provisions.
What are (POPs) that are covered under the Stockholm convention ?
What are POPs?
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are organic chemical substances, that is, they are carbon-based. They possess a particular combination of physical and chemical properties such that, once released into the environment, they:
remain intact for exceptionally long periods of time (many years);
become widely distributed throughout the environment as a result of natural processes involving soil, water and, most notably, air;
accumulate in the living organisms including humans, and are found at higher concentrations at higher levels in the food chain; and
are toxic to both humans and wildlife.
As a result of releases to the environment over the past several decades due especially to human activities, POPs are now widely distributed over large regions (including those where POPs have never been used) and, in some cases, they are found around the globe. This extensive contamination of environmental media and living organisms includes many foodstuffs and has resulted in the sustained exposure of many species, including humans, for periods of time that span generations, resulting in both acute and chronic toxic effects.
In addition, POPs concentrate in living organisms through another process called bioaccumulation. Fish, predatory birds, mammals, and humans are high up in the food chain and so absorb the greatest concentrations. When they travel, the POPs travel with them. As a result of these two processes, POPs can be found in people and animals living in regions such as the Arctic, thousands of kilometers from any major POPs source.
Specific effects of POPs can include cancer, allergies and hypersensitivity, damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems, reproductive disorders, and disruption of the immune system. Some POPs are also considered to be endocrine disrupters, which, by altering the hormonal system, can damage the reproductive and immune systems of exposed individuals as well as their offspring; they can also have developmental and carcinogenic effects.
What are the 12 initial pops that are initially added to Stockholm convention?
Initially, twelve POPs have been recognized as causing adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem and these can be placed in
3 categories:
Pesticides: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene;
Industrial chemicals: hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); and
By-products: hexachlorobenzene; polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), and PCBs.
What are newly added pops that added to list of pops of Stockholm convention ?
Chemical Annex Specific exemptions / Acceptable purposes Decision Factsheet
Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane
A
Production: None
Use: None
SC-4/10
Beta hexachlorocyclohexane
A
Production: None
Use: None
SC-4/11
Chlordecone
A
Production: None
Use: None
SC-4/12
Decabromodiphenyl ether (commercial mixture, c-decaBDE)
A
Production: As allowed for the Parties listed in the Register
Use: Vehicles, aircraft, textile, additives in plastic housings etc., polyurethane foam for building insulation, in accordance with Part IX of Annex A
SC-8/10
Dicofol A Production: None Use: None SC-9/11
Hexabromobiphenyl A Production: None Use: None SC-4/13
Hexabromocyclododecane
A
Production: As allowed by the Parties listed in the Register of specific exemptions.
Use: Expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene in buildings in accordance with the provisions of part VII of Annex A
SC-6/13
Hexabromodiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether (commercial octabromodiphenyl ether)
A
Production: None
Use: Articles in accordance with the provisions of Part IV of Annex A
SC-4/14
Hexachlorobutadiene A and C Production: None Use: None SC-7/12 SC-8/12
Lindane A Production: None Use: Human health pharmaceutical for control of head lice and scabies as second line treatment SC-4/15
Pentachlorobenzene A and C Production: None Use: None SC-4/16
Pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters
A
Production: As allowed for the Parties listed in the Register in accordance with the provisions of part VIII of Annex A
Use: Pentachlorophenol for utility poles and cross-arms in accordance with the provisions of part VIII of Annex A
SC-7/13
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF)
B
Production: For the use below
Use: Acceptable purposes and specific exemptions in accordance with Part III of Annex B
SC-4/17
SC-9/4
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its salts and PFOA-related compounds
A
Production: Fire-fighting foam: None. For other production, as allowed for the Parties listed in the Register in accordance with the provisions of part X of Annex A
Use: In accordance with the provisions of part X of Annex A
SC-9/12
Polychlorinated naphthalenes A and C Production: For the use below Use: Production of polyfluorinated naphthalenes, including octafluoronaphthalene SC-7/14
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs)
A
Production: As allowed for the Parties listed in the Register
Use: Additives in transmission belts, rubber conveyor belts, leather, lubricant additives, tubes for outdoor decoration bulbs, paints, adhesives, metal processing, plasticizers
SC-8/11
Technical endosulfan and its related isomers
A
Production: As allowed for the Parties listed in the Register of specific exemptions
Use: Crop-pest complexes as listed in accordance with the provisions of part VI of Annex A
SC-5/3
Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether (commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether)
A
Production: None
Use: Articles in accordance with the provisions of Part V of Annex A
Is usa signatory to Un CBD ?
No because .
There is conflict between TRIPS and Nagoya protocol .
Because they are totally opposite to each other and legally binding..
To overcome these difficulties some countries which signed both are now developing certain policies such as COMPULSORY LICENSING POLICY .
When was Aichi targets were approved ?
And what are 5 goals and 20 targets ?
They were adopted at Nagoya, 2010. It’s decided that 2011-2020 as ‘ world decade on Biodiversity ‘ 5 goals are Protect bios. Sustainable use of its components. Capacity building. Fair and equitable sharing Protection of habitats
Even though Russia signed cbd . It hasn’t signed the Nagoya protocol.
International treaty on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
ITPGR ?
Definitely by FAO.
also focuses on farmers rights.
It’s for food security.
Bonn convention?
Related to migratory animals and birds … . Divides animals into two categories.
- Appendix 1 — threatened with extinction.
- Appendix 2—— species migration that require international cooperation.
India signed it with special focus on Amur falcon
What’s the timeline of climate change related convention and protocols under it ?
UNFCCC | Kyoto | Kyoto 2 | Paris Agreement | Talanoa Dialouge | Katowice
What is difference between Montreal protocol and Kigali amendment and Kyoto protocol ?
Features of the Montreal Protocol
It requires all Parties to eliminate the production and import of nearly 100 substances that deplete the ozone layer, in accordance with agreed timelines.
It includes special provisions for developing countries.
The agreement set a mandatory timetable for the phasing out of main ozone-depleting substances and provided money to developing countries to help them phase out these substances.
But an extraordinarily successful agreement, the Montreal Protocol, has served largely to eliminate the production and use of ozone-depleting chemicals, while the Kyoto Protocol has spurred only modest steps toward stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions
In Switzerland, the Vienna Convention has been in force since 22 September 1988. The objective of the Montreal Protocol of 1987 is to repair the ozone layer through worldwide reduction and ultimately elimination of ozone depleting substances.
The Montreal Protocol has been successful in reducing ozone-depleting substances and reactive chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere. As a result, the ozone layer is showing the first signs of recovery.
The 1997 Kyoto Protocol – an agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) – is the world’s only legally binding treaty to reduce greenhouse emissions.
The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol is an international agreement to gradually reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). It is a legally binding agreement designed to create rights and obligations in international law.
Canada, Japan and Russia said last year they would not accept new Kyoto commitments, but Canada is the only country to repudiate it altogether. The protocol, initially adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, is aimed at fighting global warming.
Difference between Kyoto protocol and Paris agreement ?
Canada, Japan and Russia said last year they would not accept new Kyoto commitments, but Canada is the only country to repudiate it altogether. The protocol, initially adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, is aimed at fighting global warming.
Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, which established top-down legally binding emissions reduction targets (as well as penalties for noncompliance) for developed nations only, the Paris Agreement requires that all countries—rich, poor, developed, and developing—do their part and slash greenhouse gas emissions.
Bush administration Similar objections to the Kyoto Protocol were why the Bush administration refused to sign. They argued the division between Annex 1 and developing countries was unfair, and that both countries needed to reduce their emissions unilaterally.
The key axis of the EU and China remained intact and there was thankfully no mass exodus. The bottom up approach of the Paris Agreement, with governments having to approve nationally what they bring to the international table via the nationally determined contributions, has helped to reinforce the accord’s resilience….
The headline results tell us that between 1990 and 2012 the original Kyoto Protocol parties reduced their CO2 emissions by 12.5%, which is well beyond the 2012 target of 4.7% (CO2 only, rather than greenhouse gases, and including Canada*). The Kyoto Protocol was therefore a huge success.
The Paris Agreement set out to improve upon and replace the Kyoto Protocol, an earlier international treaty designed to curb the release of greenhouse gases. It entered into force on November 4, 2016, and has been signed by 195 countries and ratified by 190 as of January 2021.
The contributions are not legally binding. The goal is to make sure that all countries have access to technical expertise and financial capability to meet the climate challenges.
Every one of the world’s leading economies, including all the countries that make up the G20, is failing to meet commitments made in the landmark Paris agreement in order to stave off climate catastrophe, a damning new analysis has found.
The Kyoto protocol focuses on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases to 5.2% below pre-1990 levels, whereas the Paris agreement focuses on stopping the global temp well below 2*c and achieve close to 1.5%
Was Kyoto the first legal binding protocol ?
Legal binding only on Annex1 countries and not on non annex countries .
Annex I countries – industrialized countries and economies in transition. Annex II countries – developed countries which pay for costs of developing countries. Developing countries
Non-Annex I countries are developing countries, under the Kyoto Protocol. Non-Annex I countries do not have legally binding emissions reductions targets…
Annex 2 countries are those countries which are only developed rich nations and does not include economies in transition………..or let’s say Those countries which give money to developing non annex countries for fight against climate change . This is under CDM
Paris agreement won’t create such a divide like annex 1 and annex2 and non annex.
A
What were under the Kyoto protocol ?
It applies to greenhouse gases below listed in AnnexA
Co2 Methane Nox PFC.s HFC.s SF6
What is “Joint implementation program “and “clean development mechanism “ ?
JIP is a joint programme between “two or more annex 1 and Annex2 countries “
Here Carbon trade of certified emission reductions are not allowed in JIP , but they are allowed in CDM.
CDM happens between Annex 2 countries and non annex countries .
And carbon trade under it happens between Annex1 and Non Annex2 countries.
Un REDD and UN REDD+
REDD is the abbreviation for “reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation”, followed by REDD+, with the “plus” referring to “the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhance- ment of forest carbon stocks in developing countries”.
Currently, funding for REDD+ comes from various types—including public and private, bilateral and multilateral, national and international—various sources—such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the REDD Early Movers Program (REM)—and is channeled through different funding mechanisms—such as loans and grants.
So is REDD+ working? Yes, says Comstock, but much more needs to be done. “One factor that could provide major incentives for scaling up forest protection is a global price on carbon, including through carbon markets.
UN REDD Is a multi initiative of UNEP,UNDP,FAO.
It came based on unfccc decisions on the Bali action plan and REDD at cop-13
United Nations REDD Programme UN-REDD National Programmes UN-REDD Partner Countries Established September 24, 2008 Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland Membership 65 Partner Countries.
Some also promote sustainable forest management and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+). Of these, 359 are considered currently active, 67 were completed before 2018, and 41 have not yet started or have been discontinued…
REDD+ makes rainforests worth more alive than dead, overcoming the financial incentives to destroy and degrade them for timber, agriculture and livestock grazing. Measuring and pricing the carbon captured and stored is currently the best method we have to value this critical resource.
REDD+ goes beyond simply deforestation and forest degradation.
It aims to incentivize developing countries to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, conserve forest carbon stocks, sustainably manage forests and enhance forest carbon stocks.
Is UN REDD PLUS. a voluntary climate change mitigation approach ?
Yes it’s voluntary approach developed by UNFCCC
What Else is included in UNREDD + ?
World banks forest carbon partnership facility, the global environment facility , and the green climate fund
What is Worldbanks forest carbon partnership facility ?
It is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society, and Indigenous Peoples focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock conservation, the sustainable management of forests, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (activities commonly referred to as REDD+).
The World Bank assumes the functions of trustee and secretariat.
The World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank and United Nations Development Programme are Delivery Partners under the Readiness Fund and responsible for providing REDD+ readiness support.
Objectives
To assist countries in their REDD+ efforts by providing them with financial and technical assistance.
To pilot a performance-based payment system for REDD+ activities.
To test ways to sustain or enhance livelihoods of local communities and to conserve biodiversity.
To disseminate broadly the knowledge gained in Emission Reductions Programs (ERPs).
Frameworks related to Disaster risk reduction ?
The third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction is took place from 14 -18 March 2015 in Sendai, Japan.
The Conference adopted the Sendai Declaration and Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030
The conference brought together government and civil society leaders from around the world to discuss ways to better prepare for and curb the impact of disasters, and to agree on an updated global response framework.
The main aim of the conference was to update the landmark agreement reached a decade ago in Hyogo, also in Japan, which detailed the work required from all different sectors and actors to reduce disaster losses. The Hyogo Framework for Action has produced some important successes, including the reduction in the number of people directly affected by natural disasters in Asia – where most such disasters occur – by almost one billion.
