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Environment and responses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are abiotic factors

A

Non living/physical eg Wind,humidity

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2
Q

Name 5 abiotic factors

A

Wind speed,Water,oxygen,Humidity, temperature, light intensity ,salinity,

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3
Q

What are biotic factors of environment

A

Influences /interactions with other living organisms eg competition ,exploitation,mutualism

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4
Q

Name the 3 types of biotic environmental factors and their examples

A

Competition - interspecific(between species )/intraspecific( within a species)
Exploitation -Predatory/herbivory/parasitism
Mutualism

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5
Q

What are photoreceptors

A

receptors that sense light so we ‘see ‘

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6
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals - ie in nose/mouth so we smell and taste

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7
Q

What are mechanoreceptors

A

detect sound waves ie found in cochlea ear -detect sound waves so we ‘HEAR “

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8
Q

Name 3 types of receptors that organisms detect environmental stimuli

A

Mechanoreceptors - sound waves
Chemoreceptors- chemicals -
Photoreceptors - detect light

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9
Q

How do animals detect and respond to environment ( pathway)

A

Stimulus —picked up by receptor—via sensory nerves fibres to brain —brain sends out via motor nerve fibres to effector organs –produce a response to the stimulus (more complex animal brain the more complex pattern stimulus can be detected )

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10
Q

what’s innate behaviour

A

Instinct behaviour-Coded for by DNA/Genetics(genetically determined - not learnt)

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11
Q

what’s Learned behaviour

A

behaviour is not genetically acquired- is learned from experience or parents

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12
Q

What is mutualism

A

A relationship where 2 species both benefit from the relationship

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13
Q

What is taxes

A

The rapid directional movement of animals towards(+) or away (-) in response to an external stimuli. DIRECTION stimulus determines direction movement

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14
Q

What’s kinesis

A

Non directional movement of an organism in response to a stimulus with INTENSITY of the stimulus determining the RATE of movement ( not direction of the stimulus) - eg Slater moves slowly in damp atmospheres but quickly in dry to increase finding damp favourable conditions

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15
Q

Name animal orientation responses

A

Taxes
Kinesis
Homing
Migration

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16
Q

Name plant orientation responses

A

Tropisms
Nastic responses

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17
Q

What is a Tropism

A

Directional growth of a plant towards (+ve tropism ) or away(-ve tropism )) from a external stimulus -

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18
Q

What’s phototropism

A

directional growth of plant organs in response to light ie shoots growing usually towards light

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19
Q

what’s prefix photo stand for

A

light ie phototropism /phototaxis- movement plant/animal in response to light

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20
Q

What’s phototaxis

A

directional movement of an animal in response to light ie some algae detect light via sensitive eyespot and so move to regions of higher light to increase their photosynthesis

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21
Q

What’s gravi ( geo)tropism

A

directional growth of a plant in response to GRAVITY ie roots grow down or shoots grow away from gravity

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22
Q

What’s Geotaxis

A

DIRECTIONAL l movement of a ANIMAL in response to gravity ie some shellfish bury down into sand ( positive geotaxis - moving in direction GRAVITY )

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23
Q

What is homing

A

ability of an organism to REGULARLY find its way back to a nest site/breeding nest/colony ie salmon return to river they were born to spawn. Needs internal clock +ability to navigate

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24
Q

What is migration

A

seasonal mass movement of organisms from one geographical area( breeding ground) to another isolated geographical location ( feeding ground) and back . Usually a response to LOWER temperatures resulting in reducing food supply and is often triggered by a shortening day length.
INNATE response ( can improve over years though to improve success rate )

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25
Q

What is Thigmotropism

A

growth of an aerial PLANTorgan in response to localised TOUCH eg pea shoot curling around a pole

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26
Q

What is Chemotropism

A

growth of plant away form or toward aCHEMICALin the environment - eg roots growing away from a toxin in soil

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27
Q

What is hydrotropism

A

roots growing toward WATER

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28
Q

what is heliotropism

A

Tendency plants to grow in direction of sun movement - eg east to west ( sunflowers)

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29
Q

What are Auxins

A

A plant growth hormone that promotes growth by cell enlargement /elongation in plant shoots and germinating seeds. In HIGH concentration root cell elongation is INHIBITED by auxin . Gravity causes auxin to accumulate on lower side of roots

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30
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

directional movement of an animal in response to chemicals in their environment - eg female mosquito follow carbon dioxide gradients toward their prey , animals running away from smell fire 9 negative chemotaxis

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31
Q

Why does phototropism occur

A

uneven elongation of cells in growing tip of the plant - auxin made on tip - diffuses back down to zone elongation , so more auxin found on bottom shaded area shoot , causing greater elongation - steering shoot toward light

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32
Q

what does auxin do on

A

Plant hormone that stimulates growth by cell enlargement in plant shoots and germinating seeds. In High concentration stops growth , lower concentration increases growth

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33
Q

What is apical dominance

A

Apex at top tree makes large quantities auxin inhibiting growth of lateral ( side branches - near top ) . Lower down side branches exposed less auxin so stimulated to grow causing the Xmas tree shape

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34
Q

Name 5 plant hormones and effect

A

Cytokinins - made in roots and regulates cell division/growth
Auxins - see own slide
Gibberellins - stimulate cell elongation stems /cell division flowers/fruit/seeds
Ethylene- gas causing ripening fruit/seed germination/leaf loss

Abscisic acid - “stress” hormone - reduces water loss in times plant stress

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35
Q

What’s a Nastic response

A

Rapidly reversible movements of a plant in response to change in intensity of a stimulus (non-directional ) eg opening/closing flowers in response to light at night closing ( Photonasty ) ,Venus flytraps in response to touch (thigmonastic )
Cant be +ve or _ve as not directional

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36
Q

What is an adaption

A

are what an organism does to live successfully in its habitat and way of life.Each adaption has a purpose to live and survive

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37
Q

Name 3 different types of adaption and example

A

structural -aspects of body structure eg large grinding molars of cows
behavioural-aspects of behaviour of organism -stalking of prey by lions
physiological- aspects chemical processes body -anti-coagulants for blood sucking animals to thin blood eg mosquito

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38
Q

What’s an ecological niche of an organism

A

Way its adapted in response to the habitat it lives in

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39
Q

What is an adaptive advantage

A

Adaption that PROMOTES survival of organism by increasing chance of successful breeding and therefore contributing successful alleles into the gene pool

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40
Q

What’s the fundamental niche of an organism

A

What organism would occupy if ALL necessary Environmental conditions were met

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41
Q

What’s the realised niche of an organism

A

The actual niche the organism lives in

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42
Q

What makes up the niche of an organism

A

Combination of WHERE it lives( habitat) and HOW it lives( adaptions -structural ,behavioural,physiological)

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43
Q

What limits the fundamental niche

A

organism tolerance to abiotic factors ( ie wind, pH, heat etc)

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44
Q

What limits the actual niche

A

usually biotic factors ( especially interspecific competition)

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45
Q

What happens if 2 niches have a large overlap

A

competition severe ( greater overlap the greater interspecific competition )

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46
Q

What is Gause’s principle

A

When 2 niches similar one species will outcompete therefore eliminate the other

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47
Q

What is another name for Gauses principle

A

Competitive exclusion principle

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48
Q

What is the principle behind When 2 niches are similar one species will outcompete therefore eliminate the other

A

Gause’s principle

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49
Q

What are orientation responses

A

Responses that are innate allowing organism to avoid unfavourable environmental conditions /find favourable conditions

50
Q

Name the orientation responses in plants

A

Tropisms and nastic responses

51
Q

Name the orientation responses in animals

A

taxes and kinesis

52
Q

What are Auxins

A

PLANT HORMONE produced stems and roots and diffuse down from tip to promote ELONGATION cells ( growth )

53
Q

What does increasing concentration auxins do

A

Stimulates cell elongation to a certain level ( above this level it inhibits growth)

54
Q

What happens if auxin concentration is unequal on stem side

A

One side will elongate more then other causing stem bending

55
Q

What happens to auxin in phototropism

A

Light causes higher concentration of auxin on side away from light source so cells elongate one side more than other and so stems bend toward the light source (+ve phototropism )

56
Q

What happens to auxin in roots

A

high conc. auxin inhibits cell elongation - and so auxin concentrates in lower side of root , inhibiting cell elongation on this side - roots bend down into soil( +ve geotropism )

57
Q

What is klinotaxes

A

determination of a stimulus by moving a SINGLE sense organ and comparing relative intensities

58
Q

What is tropotaxes

A

determination of DIRECTION of a stimulus by using 2 or more sense organs on both sides of body comparing the intensity of stimulus

59
Q

What is orthokinesis

A

Intensity of stimulus determines speed /rate of MOVEMENT ( faster in unfavourable conditions/slower in favourable conditions )

60
Q

What is it called when Intensity of stimulus determines speed /rate of movement ( faster in unfavourable conditions/slower in favourable conditions )

A

orthokinesuis

61
Q

What is klinokinesis

A

intensity of stimulus determines rate of TURNING WHEN MOVING

62
Q

What is the adaptive advantage of tropisms/kinesis/nastic and taxes

A

To MOVE organism to FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS ( and OUT of UNFAVOURABLE /HARMFUL conditions )

63
Q

Name 2 things an organism must have to have a homing response

A

Internal clock and ability to navigate

64
Q

Name 2 things an organism must have to be able to migrate

A

Internal clock and ability to navigate ( like homing)

65
Q

Do animals need too prepare for migration

A

Yes

66
Q

How do animals prepare for migration

A

Internal clocks set in action activities ie laying down fat for energy for the long journey or moulting old feathers for new flight feathers

67
Q

For long distance migration to exist what needs to occur

A

Advantages/benefits outweigh disadvantage /costs

68
Q

What risks occur with migration

A

Not enough fat so die as no energy , winds blow off course etc

69
Q

What’s benefits migration

A

Avoid extreme winter climate with reduced food there, plentiful feeding at new site promoting breeding/survival and strong young

70
Q

Does migration or non migration offer greater reproductive success

A

Migration

71
Q

Name 6 types of Navigation

A

Chemical
Landmarks
Magnetic fields
Solar navigation ( sun compass)
Stellar navigation ( star patterns)
Sonar ( sound reflection)

72
Q

What is landmark navigation

A

When animal recognises landmarks and uses to guide to destination ( usually when close to home)

73
Q

What is Solar navigation

A

Animal uses sun as it moves east to west to navigate (by keeping a set angle to sun when moving will move in a straight line ). Needs internal clock

74
Q

What must an animal using solar navigation have in long distance migration

A

internal clock as it needs to keep track of time and change its orientation to the sun to keep on course to its destination to compensate for suns movement

75
Q

What is Stellar navigation

A

Use star patterns as constellations when move at night ( like sum need internal clock )

76
Q

what is magnetic fields navigation

A

Using earths magnetic fields

77
Q

what is chemical navigation

A

Using scent trails to navigate to a destination ie ants lay pheromone trail when forage

78
Q

Sonar navigation

A

Using echolocation ( bats/dolphins ) emitting sound waves that bounce off objects

79
Q

What is an innate response

A

not taught responses ( not learnt ). Genetic programmed

80
Q

Are nastic responses fast or slow

A

Fast

81
Q

Are tropism reactions fast or slow

A

Slow

82
Q

What do we call animals active at night

A

Nocturnal

83
Q

What do we call animals active in the day

A

Diurnal

84
Q

What are animals called that are active at dawn &/or dusk

A

Crepuscular

85
Q

Is orientation to Time innate or learnt

A

Innate

86
Q

What controls activity patterns to time

A

Internal clock

87
Q

What sets an animals internal clock

A

environmental cues ( Zeitgeber)-

88
Q

What is the adaptive advantage of having activity controlled by environmental cues ( there’s 3 )

A

Allows organism to ANTICIPATE/predict ONSETof favourable conditions so gets maximum advantage of this ie feeding time.
Allows animals PREPARE activities ie migration so increases survival
Allows SYNCRONISATION- favourable conditions

89
Q

When an organism activity is set to a particular zeitgeber what is this called

A

ENTRAINED to that environmental cue - ie most common is onset daylight diurnal organism get up

90
Q

Are activities under internal clock endogenous or exogenous

A

Endogenous

91
Q

What is free running period

A

length of time takes for an organisms endogenous rhythm to repeat ( return to same phase ) in the absence of environmental time cues .ie cyclical behaviour observed with NO external stimulus

92
Q

If a free running period is >24hrs when does onset of activity occur

A

Later in the day

93
Q

If a free running period is <24hrs when does onset of activity occur

A

Earlier in the day

94
Q

What is a circadian rhythm

A

An endogenous rhythm - free running rhythm displays period of about 24 hours ( 1 day)

95
Q

What’s cirannual

A

free running rhythm displays a period 365days ( 1 year)

96
Q

What’s circatidal

A

Free running rhythm displays period 12hrs( 1 tide )

97
Q

What’s Circalunar

A

Free running rhythm displays period 30days ( 1 month )

98
Q

What’s circasemilunar

A

Free running rhythm displays period 15days

99
Q

Can some activity be determined by external factors and what’s this called

A

Yes - exogenous rhythm

100
Q

Give an example of an exogenous rhythm

A

Photosynthesis ( can only occur if enough light)

101
Q

How do you know if an activity is endogenous or exogenous an organism

A

Place organism in constant conditions - and if activity continues and displays periodicity then its endogenous

102
Q

What is photoperiodism

A

Response of plants to the changing of the length of night ( Length DARKNESS important )

103
Q

How to plants exhibit photoperiodism usually

A

Flowering and loss of leaves - ie plants flower at a certain time of the year

104
Q

What must plants be able to sense to tell what season they are in

A

The length of darkness

105
Q

What are short day plants

A

Plants that require short days and long nights (flower when photoperiod is less than the critical length - 10hrs daylight /14hrs darkness)ie chrysanthemum

106
Q

What season do short day plants flower

A

Winter

107
Q

What are long day plants

A

require long days and short nights ( flower when photoperiod is longer than critical length -14hrs daylight and 10hrs darkness) ie sunflower

108
Q

What season do long day plants flower

A

Summer

109
Q

What are day-neutral plants

A

Plants that are relatively unaffected by the amount of light per day and will flower anytime of year ie tomato

110
Q

What season do day neutral plants flower

A

All year

111
Q

What controls the ability of plants to activate the photoperiod response

A

A pigment called phytochrome

112
Q

What is phytochrome

A

A pigment that controls ability plants to activate the photoperiod response

113
Q

What form(s) does phytochrome exist

A

2 forms :Pr ( PRed or P665)
Pfr ( Far Red or P725)

114
Q

How does the pigment phytochrome work

A

Daylight is made from mainly red light ( wavelength 665nm) and night mainly Far Red ( wavelength 725nm)
Pigment phytochrome absorbs red light in day and converts Pr to Pfr. At night Pfr slowly converts back to Pr .
The length darkness determines whether a plant will flower - amount of each form of phytochrome acts like an hourglass so
Day long Pfr accumulates and so in long day flowers as less Pr so flower ???
Day short lots, night long-lots Pr accumulates so short day plant flowers

115
Q

Give 3 reasons plants must keep track of time

A

1.Seeds germinate at time year most likely to survive
2.Seed masting ( seeds dropping at sametime ) increasing survival as not all seeds eaten
3. Plant flower sometime year when their pollinators active so highest number flowers for cross pollination so increasing genetic variation /species survival

116
Q

What is an exogenous rhythm

A

controlled by an external stimulus

117
Q

What is an endogenous rhythm -

A

controlled by biological clock /no environmental stimulus needed

118
Q

What is a period of rhythm

A

Time taken to complete one cycle of activity

119
Q

What is a phase shift

A

Occurs during entrainment - how much the activity/rhythm shifts forward or backward

120
Q

What is entrainment

A

Resetting of the biological clock

121
Q

What is Zeitgeber

A

The environmental cue that resets the biological clock

122
Q

What is an actogram

A

special graph to show activity of an animal /plant during day and over many days -used to show periods rest and activity

Biology Animal/Plant responses (1 decks)

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