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Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Food Waste Index is an initiative of?

A

UNEP with WRAP (Waste and Resources Action Programme)

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2
Q

What are Atmospheric Rivers?

A
  • aka ‘flying rivers’, or cloud band
  • relatively long, narrow regions in the atmosphere that transport water vapor outside of tropics
  • Typically located within low-level jet, an area of strong winds in lower atmosphere.
  • They are largest transport mechanisms of freshwater (approximately 90%) on Earth.
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3
Q

first nation to evacuate island community over climate impact?

A

Panama

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4
Q

What are the eight “National Missions” of the 2008 National Action Plan on Climate change (NAPCC)?

A
  1. National Solar Mission
  2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE)
  3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
  4. National Water Mission
  5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem
  6. National Mission for a Green India
  7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
  8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
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5
Q

What is the Blue Carbon Initiative?

A

global program to mitigate climate change through restoration and sustainable use of coastal and marine ecosystems
coordinated by
* Conservation International (CI),
* International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN),
* Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (IOC-UNESCO)

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6
Q

What is the Central Pollution Control Board of India (CPCB)?

A
  • statutory organisation under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MOEFCC).
  • It was established under the Water Act, 1974 to advise the central government on any matter related to the prevention and control of water and air pollution and improvement of the quality of air
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7
Q

Name the FOUR authorities created under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972?

A
  1. National Tiger Conservation Authority
  2. Central Zoo Authority
  3. National Board for Wild Life with the Prime Minister as Chairperson
  4. State Board for Wild Life with Chief Minister of the State or Administrator of a UT as Chairperson
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8
Q

What is the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)?

A

A statutory autonomous body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and climate change (MOEFCC) established in 2003 to implement the provisions of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002

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9
Q

Features of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

A
  • protection of wild animals, birds, and plants
  • Schedule I and Part II of Schedule II provide absolute protection
  • Schedule III and Schedule IV are also protected, but the penalties are much lower
  • specified endemic plants in Schedule VI are prohibited from cultivation and planting
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10
Q

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

A

Centre Pollution Control Boards (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) - statutory bodies to control sewage and industrial effluent discharge

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11
Q

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

A

CPCB and SPCB were given the responsibility to provide for prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution

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12
Q

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

A
  • Act was passed under Article 253 (legislation for giving effect to international agreements) in the wake of the Bhopal gas tragedy
  • Eco-sensitive zones notified by MoEFCC under EPA, 1986 – 10 km buffer zones around protected areas
  • Statutory bodies under the EPA, 1986:
    1. Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee
    2. National Coastal Zone Management Authority (later converted to National Ganga Council under the Ministry of Jal Sakthi)
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13
Q

What is the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification of 2018?

A

To promote sustainable development and conserve and protect biodiversity besides livelihood security
4 zones for regulation based on the recommendations of the Shailesh Nayak Committee:
* CRZ I– ecologically sensitive areas such as mangroves, coral reefs, salt marshes, turtle nesting ground, and the inter-tidal zone.
* CRZ II– areas close to the shoreline, and which have been developed.
* CRZ III- Coastal areas that are not substantially built up, including rural coastal areas.
* CRZ IV- water area from Low Tide Line (LTL) to the limit of territorial waters of India.

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14
Q

What is the statutory body established under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001?

A

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
* prescribes energy consumption norms and standards for consumers

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15
Q

THREE statutory bodies established under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002?

A

National Biodiversity Authority (NBA),
State Biodiversity Boards (SBBS), and Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCS)

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16
Q

What is TEEB?

A
  • The Economics of Environment and Biodiversity
  • Global initiative focused on making nature’s values visible
  • Based in Geneva
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17
Q

IPBES Global Assessment Report

A
  • Independent Inter-Govt body
  • IPBES: Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
  • Est 2012 in Bonn, Germany
  • India Member
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18
Q

Features of TUNDRA Terrestrial Biome

A

Two types: Arctic and Alpine
Vegetation: lichens, mosses
Fauna: Insects with short life cycles, mammals with large body size and long life - reindeer, arctic fox, musk-ox, etc. Reptiles and Ambhibians absent

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19
Q

Features of the TAIGA or BOREAL biome

A

Location: World’s largest biome - North America and Eurasia
Lower produtivity than all other forest biomes- low humus content of soil
Vegetation: Evergreen coniferous forests
Fauna - Siberian tiger, wolves, bears, red fox, squirrels and ambhibians

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20
Q

Features of TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS Biome

A
  • Location: NW Europe
  • Vegetation: Deciduous trees like oak, elm, ash, birch, poplar
  • Soil: Podzolic (ash-rich light colored)
  • Fauna - familiar vertebrates and invertebrates and food web that consists of several trophic (food) levels
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21
Q

Features of TEMPERATE RAINFOREST biome

A

Location: NW North America, South Chile, NZ, Australia
Vegetation: Big Coniferous trees - douglas fir, hemlock, spruce, lodgepole pine + Mosses and lichens
Fauna: Common (grizzly bears)

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22
Q

Features of TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS Biome

A

Location: Mediterranean climate areas
Vegetation: Small broad leaves, not very tall, drought tolerant, fire hazard present

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23
Q

Features of SUB-TROPICAL DECIDUOUS Biome

A

Location: East China, SE USA
Vegetation: evergreen broad leaf forests and deciduous trees; perennial plant growth
Fauna: insects, spiders, reptiles and birds, mammals such as elephants, monkeys, tigers, and giraffes

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24
Q

STEPPE/TEMPERATE Biome

A

No Trees
Not much animal diversity

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25
Features of GRASSLAND biome
* Short grasses * Cover up to 40% of the Earth’s land surface * scarcity of water and not enough regular rainfall * Types: 1. Savanna/Tropical grasslands (either side of the equator) and 2. temperate grasslands (Argentinian Pampas, South American Prairies, Asian Steppes or Australian Downs)
26
Features of TROPICAL DECIDUOUS MONSOON Biome
* Location: West Indies, Indo malay region, East Africa, North Australia * Vegetation: Teak, neem, bamboo, sal, shisham, sandalwood, mulberry * Fauna: elephants, horses, hippopotamus, ganda or rhinos, lions, forest buffalo together with a large population of birds of several species * largest number of domesticated mammals
27
Features of TROPICAL WET AND DRY Biome
Location: Savannah Tall Grass, short trees, deciduous, broad trunks with water storing devices
28
TROPICAL RAINFOREST biome
high temperature, high rainfall Vegetation: Mangroves, evergreen trees, well developed layering of vegetation
29
DESERT Biome
Vegetation: drought resistant cacti, thorny bushes, wiry grasses, long roots and thick skinned seeds
30
Types of Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater, Marine and Brackish water (estuaries, salt marshes, mangrove swamps)
31
Types of Aquatic Organisms
1. Neustons - air-water plants 2. Periphyton - Stems and leaves of floating plants 3. Plankton - Microscopic floating organisms 4. Nekton - Powerful swimmers 5. Benthos - Bottom sea dwellers
32
Top 5 states in India in terms of Forest Cover
MP, Arunachal Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Odisha, Maha
33
Which Indian state has the most area under forest cover
Mizoram (84.5%)
34
What is the Nagar Van Scheme of the MOEFCC?
Scheme to develop 200 urban forests by 2025 Warje Urban Forest in Pune (Maharashtra) - role model for the Scheme finances for the scheme will be paid for by the CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Fund (CAF) Act, 2016) funds
35
Features of the **Forest Conservation Act, 1980**?
Restrict use of forests for non-forest purposes; creation of Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) to provide approvals for activities
36
Name TWO initiatives to protect **PEATLANDS**?
* **Brazzaville Declaration** - to protect the Cuvetter Centrale Region of Congo * **Global Peatlands Initiative (GPI)** - to save peatlands as the world's largest terrestrial carbon sink
37
What is the importance of Peatlands?
* **30%** of land based carbon stored in peatlands * Flood Mitigation and **Riparian Buffer** (helps shade and partially protect the stream from the impact of adjacent land uses)
38
Geographical Area in India under Wetlands?
4.86%
39
Which state has the most RAMSAR Sites in India?
TN (16)
40
What are the plans implemented for the conservation and management of **Wetlands**?
* **National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA)** under the MoEFCC * **Wetlands Authority (WA)** - statutory body and the **National Wetlands Committee** (NWC) under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017 * NPCA scheme covers interception, diversion and treatment of wastewater, shoreline protection, lake front development * ‘**Wetlands Rejuvenation’ programme** within the framework of 169 transformative ideas of Government of India * **Amrit Dharohar Scheme** - to enhance wetland utilization through eco-tourism and biodiversity
41
What is the SAIME initiative?
Sustainable Agriculture In Mangrove Ecosystems - pilot project in WB for restoration of Sunderbans
42
What is MISHTI?
Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible incomes - for restoration of mangroves through afforestation. Funding: 80% GOI and 20% State govts.
43
What is the **MAC**?
* **Mangrove Alliance for Climate** * spearheaded by** UAE** in partnership with **Indonesia**, to promote mangroves as a nature-based solution to climate change * launched at **COP27 (2022)** * Initiatives: Mangrove Soil Carbon Sequestration Project (UAE); Blue Carbon initiative * **India is a member**
44
Who coined the term "Biodiversity"?
Walter G. Rosen (1986)
45
What are the FOUR **Biodiversity Hotspots** in **India** as defined by **Conservation International**?
1. **Himalayas**: Fragile ecosystem with large mammals (Ibex, hangul, Snow Leopard, Mishmi Takin, Rhinocerous, Stag) 2. **Indo-Burma**: NE India with freshwater turtles, diverse birdlife (white-eared night heron, grey-crown crocias, orange neck partridge) - highly threatened 5% remains untouched 3. **Sundalands**: Nicobar Islands, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei - tropical rainforest type with andaman wood pigeon, narcodam hornbill 4. **Western Ghats and Sri Lanka**: 140 native species including Asian Elephants, Tigers, Lion-Tailed Macaque
46
**Six** In-Situ Legal measures to conserve Biodiversity in India
1. Creation of **Protected areas** under **Wildlife Protection Act, 1972** 2. Conservation of Forests under **Forests Act, 1927** 3. Creation of **Eco-Sensitive Zones** under **Environment Protection Act, 1986** 4. Creation of **Biodiversity Heritage Sites** under **Biological Diversity Act, 2002** 5. Protecting Wetlands under **Wetlands Conservation and Management Rules, 2017** 6. Creating **Central Regulation Zones** under the **EPA, 1986**.
47
THREE Global Inititatives to conserve Biodiversity In-Situ?
1. **Wetland Sites** created under **Ramsar Convention** on Wetlands 2. **Biosphere Reserves** created under **UNESCO's Man and biosphere Program** 3. **Natural World Heritage Sites** created under **UNESCO's World Heritage program**
48
What is the Cultural Model of Conservation?
* Conservation model based on **indigenous knowledge** and acknowledging **traditional rights** of tribal people in forest management and governance. * Officially recognized by the **Kinshasa Resolution of 1975** under the **IUCN** * Indian Examples: Bishnoi tribe (Rajasthan), Chenchus of Andhra, Maldhari tribe (Gujarat), Bugun Tribe (Arunachal) and Nyishi tribe (MP)
49
What are Protected Areas under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972?
Areas where human occupation and exploitation of resources is limited Includes Marine Protected Areas and Transboundary protected Areas
50
What are Eco Sensitive Zones? Where are they defined?
* Ecologically important areas under the EPA, 1986 to act as buffer zones for Protected Areas. * Upto 10 kms around a Protected Area. * Industrial operations are prohibited, and certain activities like felling of trees, establishment of hotels, etc., are regulated
51
What is a Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)? Where is it defined?
* Coastal Zone Regulation Notification 2018 by the MOEFCC under the EPA * Critically Vulnerable Coastal Areas like Mangroves, Ecologically Sensitive Areas like Gulf of Khambat, Gulf of Mannar, Inland Backwater areas. * To regulate Eco-Tourism, construction of roads, etc.
52
What are Biodiversity Heritage Sites? How are they notified?
* Well defined areas with unique and ecologically fragile ecosystems and rich biodiversity - 45 in India * Notified under Biological Diversity Act, 2002 by State Govt. * Must have one of these: high endemism, pre-eminence of biological components, presence of rare/threatened species, significant cultural values
53
What are Sacred Groves?
* Patches of forests protected by local communities because of religious beliefs and traditional rituals. * Local folk deities worshipped. * No human interference allowed * Includes Temple groves, Burial groves and Traditional sacred groves.
54
What are Biosphere Reserves? How are they designated?
* Internationally recognized conservation areas, designated by UNESCO * Part of the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme
55
What are World Heritage Sites?
Landmark areas having cultural historical natural or scientific importance Legal protection granted by the International World Heritage Convention of UNESCO 42 World heritage sites in India
56
What is the objective of the National Forest Policy, 1988?
33% geographical area under Forest cover Ensure Environmental stability & ecological balance
57
Goal of the National Environmental Policy, 2006?
Identification and conservation of Eco Sensitive Zones, Integration of Biodiversity values, Education and awareness
58
What is the goal of the national Agroforestry Policy, 2014?
Tree Plantation complementing crops and livestock. Improve productivity, incomes and livelihoods expand vegetation cover, forest and tree cover
59
What is the goal of the National Policy of Marine Fisheries, 2017
Sustainable development of Fisheries Mainstreaming Biodiversity Conservation Blending traditional knowledge with science
60
Constitutional Provisions protecting the Environment?
Art. 48A - DPSP - to protect environment, safeguard wildlife Art. 51A - FD - Protecting natural environment is a FD of people of India
61
Rules/Notifications under the EPA?
1. Coastal Regulation Zones Notification, 2019 2. Environment Protection Rules 3. Hazardous Waste Management and Handling Rules 1989 4. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 5. Manufacture, use, import, export and storage of Micro organisms and GMOs Rules, 1989.
62
What are the provisions of the Wildlife Protection Amendment Act, 2022?
4 Schedules - Animal Species with highest level of protection, Animal Species with lesser level of preotection, protected plant species, protected plant specimens under CITES. Permits use of Elephants for Religious purposes Increases penalties
63
What are the provisions of the National Wildlife Action Plan 2017-31?
MoEFCC Integrating actions for mitigation and adaptation, addressing human-animal conflict, private sector role in wildlife conservation

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