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Envir. St. 355 Final Exam Review > Envir St. 355 Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Envir St. 355 Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following loss mechanisms should you ignore if you are tracking a plume of pollution? (For example, a puff of SO2 from a volcano, or a plume from a power plant)

A) Dry deposition
B) Outflow
C) Emissions
D) Chemical interactions

A

B) Outflow

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2
Q

Consider two pollutants: X and Y.

X has a lifetime of 5 days.
Y has a lifetime of 5 hours.

Both are emitted from the same power plant, which is the only pollution source for these two chemicals.

A monitor near the power plant detects equal amounts of X and Y. What would you expect from a monitor far downwind?

A) X = Y at the downwind monitor
B) X > Y at the downwind monitor

A

B) X > Y at the downwind monitor

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3
Q

Emissions

A

flow of a chemical into the air.

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4
Q

What fuel provides the most energy in the U.S. today?

A

Petroleum

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5
Q

Sink

A

a process that removes an air pollutant. Chemical loss reactions, outflow, wet deposition, dry deposition.

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6
Q

3 Sources of Air Pollution

A

Emissions, chemical production, inflow to the domain.

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7
Q

True or False:

In the US, ground-level ozone is regulated as a Hazardous Air Pollutant.

A

False

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8
Q

True or False:

Ozone is closely associated with repiratory disease (like asthma).

A

True

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9
Q

True or False:

Ambient ozone may be measured either as a mixing ratio (ppb) or mass concentration (micrograms/m^3)

A

True

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10
Q

True or False:

Carbon dioxide (CO2) can serve as a precursor / ingredient to ozone (it can react with NOx in the presence of sunlight to form ozone).

A

False

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11
Q

True or False:

Wisconsin has a higher (less stringent) standard for allowable ozone levels than the ozone standard for Illinois.

A

False

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12
Q

True or False:

In the U.S., total suspended particulates (TSP) are regulated by the NAAQS.

A

False

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13
Q

True or False:

When you see haze, you are seeing PM.

A

True

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14
Q

True or False:

NO2 is an example of secondary PM.

A

False

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15
Q

True or False:

Ambient PM may be measured either as mixing ratio (e.g. ppb) or mass concentration (e.g. micrograms/m3).

A

False

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16
Q

True or False:

Carbon dioxide (CO2) can serve as a precursor / ingredient to PM (especially in high-HOx environments).

A

False

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17
Q

True or False:

There are different NAAQS for primary vs. secondary PM.

A

False

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18
Q

In the case study of the Husky refinery explosion, HYSPLIT was most likely used to inform:

A) Firefighting efforts
B) Areas for evacuation
C) Health impact assessment

A

B) Areas for evacuation

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19
Q

The most direct method to determine the impact of a large point source, like a power plant or factory, on nearby communities would be…

A) Modeling with AERMOD
B) Forward trajectory modeling with HYSPLIT
C) Backward trajectory modeling with HYSPLIT

A

A) Modeling with AERMOD

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20
Q

Which of the following reactions is the correct reaction that forms ozone, both in the stratosphere and the troposphere?

A) O + O3 –> 2O2
B) O + O2 + M –> O3 + M*
C) O2 + hv –> O + O

A

B) O + O2 + M –> O3 + M*

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21
Q

Which of the following is not a major source of VOCs?

A) Trees
B) Cleaning products
C) Gasoline exhaust
D) Wind-blown dust

A

D) Wind-blown dust

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22
Q

Whereas ground monitors detect air pollution near the earth’s surface (sometimes casually referred to as “nose-level” concentrations), satellites detect what?

A) Pollution concentrations at ~500mb
B) Pollution concentrations at ~750mb
C) Characteristics of the column of air above the earth’s surface
D) The linear average of characteristics between the surface and ~500mb

A

C) Characteristics of the column of air above the earth’s surface

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23
Q

While all ozone is the same (a gas made of 3 oxygen atoms) sometimes people refer to “good” and “bad” ozone. Where is the “good” ozone?

A) Ground level
B) Thermosphere
C) Troposphere
D) Stratosphere

A

D) Stratosphere

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24
Q

Which of the following gases is not typically part of wildfire smoke?

A) VOCs
B) SO2
C) CO
D) NO2

A

B) SO2

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25
Q

In the article “Critical Review of Health Impacts of Wildfire Smoke Exposure” what methods did the authors of the paper use to draw their conclusions?

A) Epidemiological analysis
B) Toxicological analysis
C) Review of the scientific literature

A

C) Review of the scientific literature

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26
Q

Ports are major concerns for air quality. Which of the emission-sources listed below are not directly associated with ports?

A) Heavy equipment
B) Ships and barges
C) Power plants
D) Trucks

A

C) Power plants

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27
Q

What does “speciation” mean in the context of PM?

A) source of emissions
B) Impacts
C) Chemical composition
D) Size

A

C) Chemical composition

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28
Q

What air pollutant poses the greatest risk to plants, including agriculture?

A) Sulfate
B) Mercury
C) PM
D) Ozone

A

D) Ozone

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29
Q

Who is Robert D. Bullard?

A) An environmental engineer
B) A leading expert in environmental racism
C) A spokesperson for the EPA

A

B) A leading expert in environmental racism

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30
Q

In Chicago, like most areas of the U.S., high ozone typically occurs in what season?

A) Summer
B) Spring
C) Winter
D) Fall

A

A) Summer

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31
Q

An air pollutant with an atmospheric residence time (aka lifetime) of a few hours would be considered a:

A) well-mixed pollutant
B) Global pollutant
C) Regional pollutant
D) Local pollutant

A

D) Local pollutant

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32
Q

From the New York Times: “The federal government marked certain neighborhoods as risky for real estate investments because their residents were Black. For decades, residents of [certain] areas were denied access to federally backed mortgages and other credit, fueling a cycle of disinvestment and environmental problems in those neighborhoods.”

This practice is known as ________.

A) Mortgaging
B) Creating and easement
C) Redlining

A

C) Redlining

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33
Q

About how long would it take for a dust storm from the Gobi Desert in Asia to cross the Pacific and reach California?

A) 5 months
B) 5 days
C) 1 day
D) 1 month

A

B) 5 days

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34
Q

Which of the following has the longest lifetime?

A) NO2
B) OH
C) CO2
D) CH4

A

C) CO2

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35
Q

A chemical X is lost from the atmosphere at 5% per minute. If these is 1000ppb to start, what is the concentration 1 minute later?

A) 370ppb
B) 950ppb
C) 500ppb
D)995ppb

A

B) 950ppb

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36
Q

We’ve learned this week that the lifetime of a chemical in the air can be related to a loss rate “k”. This relationship assumes that the dominant loss pathway for the chemical may be approximated as a _______ loss process.

A) Linear
B) Constant
C) Non-linear
D) Any of these

A

A) Linear

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37
Q

If a chemical X has a lifetime of 1 day and an initial concentration of Xo, what is the concentration after 2 days?

Note, the terminology ^ refers to the exponent. So e^3 = eee.

A) Xo/e^3
B) Xo/e
C) Xo/e^2
D) Xo

A

C) Xo/e^2

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38
Q

A chemical X is lost from the atmosphere at 5% per minute. What is its lifetime?

A) 5 minutes
B) 0.2 minutes
C) 20 minutes
D) 0.5 minutes

A

C) 20 minutes

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39
Q

Carbon monoxide (CO) has one primary loss pathway: reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH) - a.k.a. the scrub brush of the atmosphere. Concentrations of OH are highest in sunny, humid conditions.

In what season is the lifetime of CO longest?

A) Summer
B) Spring
C) Fall
D) Winter

A

D) Winter

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40
Q

If the lifetime of a pollutant is 1hr, what is true?

A) 1.7% is lost per minute
B) 1.7% is lost per hour
C) 10% is lost per hour
D) 10% is lost per minute

A

A) 1.7% is lost per minute

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41
Q

Assuming only a single loss process, you can solve for the concentration of the pollutant at anytime with the equation:

X(t) = Xo * e^(-kt)

If you know the loss rate k, and the initial concentration of a pollutant Xo.

This type of equation would be described as an _______ solution.

A) Numerical
B) Analytical

A

B) Analytical

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42
Q

Criteria Air Pollutants

A

PM, O3, SO2, CO2, CO, Pb

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43
Q

Hazardous Air Pollutants

A

considered to have negative effects at any level. Regulated to minimize health risks.

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44
Q

Climate Pollutants

A

affect the warming and cooling of the planet.

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45
Q

3 Types of Air Pollution

A

outdoor (ambient), indoor, occupational.

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46
Q

Outdoor / Ambient Air Pollution

A

regulated because it is a shared resource.

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47
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

created from plant and animal material that have decomposed for millions of years in the earth. Coal, oil, natural gas.

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48
Q

Ice Cores

A

scientists can study records of lead in the atmosphere for the past 3,000 years using drilled columns of ice.

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49
Q

Worst air pollution events in history occur because of a combination of ______________ and ______________.

A

emissions and weather.

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50
Q

Ambient Concentration

A

the amount of a pollutant in the atmosphere.

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51
Q

Mass Concentration

A

reports mass per volume of air (ug/m3)

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52
Q

Vertical Stability

A

the tendency of the atmosphere to move up or down as determined by the vertical structures of atmospheric temperature.

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53
Q

Primary Pollution

A

directly emitted.

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54
Q

Secondary Pollution

A

formed in the atmosphere.

55
Q

_________________ (bad ozone) is formed by reactions involving NOx and VOCs and found on the lowest layer of the atmosphere. _________________ (good ozone) is above this layer.

A

tropospheric ozone, stratospheric ozone.

56
Q

What fuel provided the most energy in the U.S. around 1930?

A

Coal

57
Q

What fuel provided the most energy in the U.S. around 1850?

A

Wood

58
Q

Lifetime

A

describes how long a pollutant remains in the atmosphere. Same as residence time.

59
Q

Local Pollutants

A

pollutants that mix within a city, or travel down from a smokestack, but do not move far. Typically stay within a few kilometers of the emission source.

60
Q

Global Air Pollutants

A

pollutants may be mixed across continents, to polar regions, and across the Equator. Pollutants can travel across the Pacific Ocean from Asia to North America in about 5 days.

61
Q

Well-Mixed Gasses

A

concentrations are similar within a hemisphere, or even across the globe.

62
Q

Source

A

a process that increases levels of an air pollutant. Chemical production reactions, inflow, emissions.

63
Q

Chemical Production

A

the creation of a chemical through chemical reactions. Only secondary pollutants have chemical production as a source.

64
Q

Gas Phase Reaction

A

gasses can react with each other in gas form.

65
Q

Photolysis

A

incoming sunlight at some ultraviolet wavelengths can react with gasses.

66
Q

heterogeous Reaction

A

occur between gasses and particles, or reactions that convert gasses into particles.

67
Q

Inflow

A

the transport of a chemical from outside our domain.

68
Q

3 Sinks of Air Pollution

A

deposition (wet and dry), chemical loss, outflow from the domain

69
Q

Wet Deposition

A

occurs when rain, snow, or other precipitation removes a chemical from the air. Only chemicals that are water-soluble are removed through this process.

70
Q

Dry Deposition

A

occurs when a chemical in the air reacts with surfaces on the ground, such as tree leaves. Chemical properties of the pollutant and the surfaces of the ground both affect the rate of this process.

71
Q

Chemical Loss

A

the destruction of a chemical through reactions.

72
Q

Outflow

A

the transport of a chemical out of our domain.

73
Q

True or False:

Ozone has a slight brownish color, explaining the brownish look of smog in soome places.

A

False

74
Q

True or false:

If a county is failing the NAAQS ozone standard, it means the ozone is above the EPA level on most summer days.

A

False

75
Q

True or False:

Ozone is usually highest on hot, sunny days.

A

True

76
Q

True or False:

Wisconsin has areas violating the ozone NAAQS.

A

True

77
Q

True or False:

The 2015 ozone NAAQS is 70ppm.

A

False

78
Q

Nitrogen dioxide irritates the ___________. It also reacts to form ___________ and ___________, both of which have adverse health effects.

A

Respiratory system, ozone, PM2.5

79
Q

True or False:

There are different NAAQS values for PM2.5 vs. PM10.

A

True

80
Q

True or False:

PM may be in the gas, liquid, or solid form.

A

False

81
Q

True or False:

The NAAQS annual standard for PM2.5 is 12 ug/m3.

A

True

82
Q

True or False:

Smoke from a forest fire would lead to high levels of PM (in regions affected by the smoke).

A

True

83
Q

What does AQI stand for?

A

Air quality index

84
Q

What does yellow mean on the AQI color chart?

A

Moderate; air quality is acceptable.

85
Q

When the AQI switches from __________ to __________, then air pollution is above the PM2.5 NAAQS of 35 ug/m3. At this value, the AQI value is __________.

A

Yellow, orange, 100.

86
Q

In three words or less, why does the AQI change on a day to day basis?

A

Weather, wind, transport

87
Q

One of the readings for this week says “The height of each stack is an important metric that plays a significant role in the downwind distribution of emissions.” Which of the following is a correct interpretation of this sentence?

A) Nearby communities are more affected plants with lower stacks.
B) Nearby communities are more affected plants with higher stacks

A

A) Nearby communities are more affected plants with lower stacks.

88
Q

The most direct method to determine the source of a pollutant, such as mercury, impacting a certain region would be…

A) Backward trajectory modeling with HYSPLIT
B) Modeling with AERMOD
C) Forward trajectory modelling with HYSPLIT

A

A) Backward trajectory modeling with HYSPLIT

89
Q

In it’s analysis of EJ implications from power plants, the EPA avaluation you read would be considered a:

A) An evaluation of the magnitude of the potential for each plant to affect nearby or downwind air quality
B) A regulatory evaluation to determine NAAQS compliance
C) A screening or “first-step” analysis

A

C) A screening or “first-step” analysis

90
Q

Which of these reactions is an example of photolysis?

A) O + O3 –> 2O2
B) O + O2 + M –> O3 + M*
C) O2 + hv –> O + O

A

C) O2 + hv –> O + O

90
Q

Radiation with wavelengths < 400nm has the potential to break apart the bonds of gas-phase chemicals in the air. This type of radiation is called:

A) UV
B) Visible
C) IR

A

A) UV

91
Q

Two processes affect light as it interacts with gases and particles in the air. One is scattering. What is the other?

A) Transmission
B) Absorption
C) Reflection

A

B) Absorption

92
Q

What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?

A) N2
B) O2
C) CO2

A

A) N2

93
Q

What is a “catalytic destruction cycle” for ozone?

A) A single molecule is recycled, destroying many molecules of ozone
B) A single ozone molecule is recycled, destroying many molecules of another compound (e.g. NOx)
C) A single molecule is destroyed over and over, and in the process creates ozone

A

A) A single molecule is recycled, destroying many molecules of ozone

94
Q

The earliest chemical mechanism to describe the ozone layer was called?

A) Cruten Mechanism
B) Chapman Mechanism
C) Solomon Mechanism

A

B) Chapman Mechanism

95
Q

In what month is the Ozone Hole largest?

A) April
B) October
C) July

A

B) October

96
Q

The 1987 agreement to limit CFC emissions is often referred to as the most successful environmental treaty of all time. What is it’s name?

A) Kyoto Protocol
B) Vienna Convention
C) Montreal Protocol
D) Paris Agreement

A

C) Montreal Protocol

97
Q

In the U.S., how do people heat their homes?

A) Varies by region, with natural gas and electricity being most widely used
B) Home heating and cooling is powered by electricity
C) Varies by region, with natural gas and wood most widely used

A

A) Varies by region, with natural gas and electricity being most widely used

98
Q

Over continental regions, NOx + VOCs create ozone in the troposphere. Over the oceans, however, other chemicals can substitute for VOCs in the ozone formation process. What are these chemicals?

A) O2 and CH4
B) CO and CH4
C) CO and CO2
D) CO, CH4, and CO2

A

B) CO and CH4

99
Q

What is true about the “weekend effect”?

A) All known air pollutants go down, making air healthier
B) PM increases due to higher home heating
C) Ozone ingredients increase due to higher weekend traffic
D) Ozone goes up, even as ozone ingredients go down

A

D) Ozone goes up, even as ozone ingredients go down

100
Q

The formation of ozone in the troposhpere involves catalytic cycling between what two chemical families?

A) NOx and HOx
B) VOCs and HOx
C) VOCs and NOx

A

A) NOx and HOx

101
Q

What chemical reacts with CO?

A) NO
B) NO2
C) OH

A

C) OH

102
Q

NOx is comprised of what?

A) NO, NO2, and HNO3
B) NO and NO2
C) NO, NO2, and NO3

A

B) NO and NO2

103
Q

In a sunny, high-NOx environment, which type of molecule would create the most ozone?

A) CH4
B) CO
C) VOCs

A

C) VOCs

104
Q

To reduce ozone air pollution in a city, ________________ is typically the most effective emission to control.

In contrast, ozone control in non-urban land areas is more likely to depend on ________________.

A) CH4, VOCs
B) CH4, NOx
C) VOCs, CH4
D) VOCs, NOx

A

DO VOCs, NOx

105
Q

Imagine today that the AQI for Madison is 100. What do you know about the air?

A) Particulate pollution is at a level of 100 micrograms/m3
B) Levels of one or more pollutants are at the limit of allowable pollution set by the EPA
C) Pollution levels are at the maximum level measured by the AQI
D) Ozone is at a level of 100 parts per billion

A

B) Levels of one or more pollutants are at the limit of allowable pollution set by the EPA

106
Q

Which of the following episodes is associated with secondary pollution?

A) London, England 1952
B) Beijing, China winters
C) Los Angeles, CA 1974
D) Donora, PA 1947

A

Los Angeles, CA 1974

107
Q

Which of the following is true about change in the six criteria pollution (PM, SO2, NO2, CO, O3, and lead) in the United States since 1970?

A) They have gone down by 67%, similar to other major metrics of energy use
B) They have gone up by 67%, even as all major metrics of energy use have gone down
C) They have gone down by 67%, even as all major metrics of energy use have gone up
D) They have gone up by 67%, similar to other major metrics of energy use

A

C) They have gone down by 67%, even as all major metrics of energy use have gone up

108
Q

Which of the following is not a gas?

A) These are all gases
B) Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
C) Ozone (O3)
D) Particulate matter (PM)

A

Particulate matter (PM)

109
Q

In the context of satellite data AOD stands for what?

A) Atmospheric Ocular Density
B) Aerosol Optical Depth
C) Acoustic Optics Device
D) Advanced Optical Disc

A

B) Aerosol Opitcal Depth

110
Q

Which of the following is not a fossil fuel?

A) Charcoal
B) Coal
C) Petroleum
D) Natural Gas

A

A) Charcoal

111
Q

Ice core records of ____________ show historic events in the Roman empire?

A) Mercury
B) Silver
C) Nitrogen
D) Lead

A

D) Lead

112
Q

What are the two “ingredients” for ground-level ozone?

A) SO2 and PM
B) NOx and SO2
C) NOx and VOCs
D) SO2 and VOCs

A

C) NOx and VOCs

113
Q

What is particulate matter made of?

A) Only solids
B) Gases, liquids, and solids
C) Liquids and solids
D) Only gases

A

C) Liquids and solids

114
Q

There are many health impacts of ozone but the _________ is/are especially vulnerable to ozone pollution damage. In fact, one expert says that ozone damage “is like getting a bad sunburn (in/on) your _________”.

A) Heart
B) Eyes
C) Skin
D) Lungs

A

D) Lungs

115
Q

What does the “2.5” refer to in PM2.5?

A) Mass of the PM
B) Chemical composition of the PM
C) Size of the PM

A

C) Size of the PM

116
Q

Which of the following groups is not considered especially high risk for PM pollution?

A) People over 65
B) Children
C) Long distance runners
D) Former smokers

A

C) Long-distance runners

117
Q

Which pollutant - at high levels - interferes with the blood’s ability to carry oxygen?

A) CO2
B) O3
C) CO
D) SO2

A

C) CO

118
Q

Which health impact is most strongly associated with wildfire smoke exposure?

A) Birth outcomes
B) Cardiovascular effects
C) Mental health outcomes
D) Respiratory morbidity

A

D) Respiratory morbidity

119
Q

When talking about air pollution, the word “toxic” has a special meaning. Quoting from the ALA sites: “Toxic, or hazardous, air pollutants cause or are suspected of causing cancer, birth defects, or other serious harms. They can be gases, like hydrogen chloride, benzene or toluene, dioxin, or compounds like asbestos, or elements such as cadmium, mercury, and chromium.”

The EPA defines about how many air toxics?

A) 2000
B) 200
C) 20
D) 200,000

A

B) 200

120
Q

What pollutant most directly affects human perceptions of air quality (i.e. the air appears polluted to the eye)?

A) O3
B) PM
C) SO2
D) NO2

A

B) PM

121
Q

Carbon-based PM is divided into two categories. What are they?

A) Sulfate and nitrate
B) Black carbon and organic carbon
C) Inorganic carbon and biological carbon
D) Dust and smoke

A

B) Black carbon and organic carbon

122
Q

Which two types of particles, when deposited, contribute to acid rain?

A) Black carbon and organic carbon
B) Ozone and NO2
C) Sulfate and nitrate

A

C) Sulfate and nitrate

123
Q

What are the two processes by which particles and gases effect light?

A) Advection and diffusion
B) Absorption and scattering
C) Reflection and refraction

A

B) Absorption and scattering

124
Q

What group is most vulnerable to health impact associated with mercury in fish (i.e. should pay special attention to the type and amount of fish eaten)?

A) People over age 65
B) Children
C) Smokers
D) Pregnant women

A

D) Pregnant women

125
Q

Extending ideas from the readings, which pollutant might decrease the amount of solar electricity available from solar panels?

A) O3
B) PM
C) Mercury

A

B) PM

126
Q

Which of the following is affected by mercury air pollution?

A) Likelihood of contracting COVID-19
b) Whether unhealthy algae grows in lakes
C) Whether certain fish are healthy to eat
D) Likelihood of frogs and other aquatic species dying

A

C) Whether certain fish are healthy to eat

127
Q

What is negative effect of groups exposed to ozone?

A) The plants are unhealthy to eat
B) Visibility over farms is decreased
C) Yields decline
D) More pesticides are required

A

C) Yields decline

127
Q

Based on the 2021 research reported in the New York Times, which of the following pollution sources does not disproportionately affect people of color?

A) Industry
B) Cars and trucks
C) Power plants

A

C) Power plants

128
Q

Which of the following is not a possible loss process for air pollution?

A) Wet deposition
B) Dry deposition
C) Chemical reactions
D) Emissions

A

D) Emissions

129
Q

Which of the following is considered the “scrub brush” of the atmosphere?

A) O3
B) OH
C) NO2
D) CO

A

B) OH

130
Q

In the 2021 study reported in the New York Times, what data source did the researchers use to compare PM2.5 exposure with racial demographics?

A) Model data
B) Data from ground based monitors
C) Satelitte data

A

A) Model data

131
Q
A

Envir. St. 355 Final Exam Review (1 decks)

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