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envi toxi Flashcards

kapoy basta

1
Q

lethal smog that covered the city of London for five days, from December 5 to December 9, in 1952

A

Great Smog of London

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2
Q

was caused by the consumption of fish and shellfish contaminated by methylmercury compound discharged from a chemical plant.

A

Minamata Disease

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3
Q

result of a flawed reactor design that was operated with inadequately trained personnel (went out of control during a test at low-power, leading to an explosion and fire that demolished the reactor building and released large amounts of radiation into the atmosphere.)

A

Chernobyl

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4
Q

basic principles of toxicology

A

(1) mechanism of exposure ; (2) toxicological effects

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5
Q

deals with the effects of chemicals found in the
workplace

A

occupational toxicology

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6
Q

OSHA stands for

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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7
Q

“safe” chemical exposure limits for workers

A

OSHA

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8
Q

PEL stands for?

A

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)

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9
Q

standards for specific materials of particularly serious toxicity

A

PEL

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10
Q

deals with the deleterious impact of chemical pollutants
in the environment, on living organisms.

A

environmental toxicology/ecotoxicology

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11
Q

toxic effects of chemical and physical agent on populations
and communities of living organisms within defined ecosystems

A

environmental toxicology/ecotoxicology

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12
Q

ability of chemical agent to cause injury/disease in a given situation or
setting; potential to cause harm

A

hazard

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13
Q

Likelihood that a hazard will cause harm

A

risk

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14
Q

routes of exposure (in order, for INDUSTRIAL)

A

inhalational > transdermal > oral (ITO)

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15
Q

An exposure to a toxic substance that is absorbed by the target human or animal results in a ____

A

dose

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16
Q

single exposure or multiple
exposure over a BRIEF period of time

A

acute exposure

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17
Q

single or multiple exposure over a LONGER period of time

A

chronic exposure

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18
Q

hierarchy of controls (from MOST effective to LEAST effective)

A

elimination > substitution > engineering controls > administrative controls > PPE

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19
Q

physically remove the hazard

A

elimination

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20
Q

replace the hazard

A

substitution

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21
Q

isolate people from the hazard

A

engineering controls

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22
Q

change the way people work

A

administratice control

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23
Q

protect the worker with ___

A

PPE

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24
Q

concentrates the chemical in organisms higher on the food chain

A

biomagnification

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25
Q

Colorless, tasteless, odorless and non-irritating gas

Byproduct of incomplete combustion

teratogenic potential

A

carbon monoxide

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26
Q

CO affinity ____x oxygen

A

220

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27
Q

clinical effects of CO

A
  • Symptoms of hypoxia
  • Psychomotor impairment
  • Headache and tightness in the temporal area
  • Confusion and loss of visual acuity
  • Tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, and coma
  • Deep coma, convulsions, shock and respiratory
    failure
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28
Q

first step treatment for CO exposure

A

remove from source

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29
Q

specific antagonist for CO

A

oxygen

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30
Q

____ concentrations of oxygen for a ____ amount of time only

A

high, short

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31
Q
  • Colorless irritant gas
  • Generated primarily by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuel
  • The principal source of is the burning of coal, domestic heating, high-sulfur transportation
    and coal-fired power plants
A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

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32
Q

high solubility of SO2 in moist membranes forms ____

A

sulfurous acid

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33
Q

severe irritant on the eyes, mucous membranes,
respiratory tract and skin

A

Sulfur dioxide

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34
Q

90% of inhaled form is absorbed in the ____
Respiratory tract causing ____

A

upper ; acute irritant asthma

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35
Q

clinical effects of SO2

A

eye, nose and throat irritation,

reflex
bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial
secretions

May initiate or exacerbate Bronchial Asthma

Delayed-onset pulmonary edema

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36
Q
  • Brownish irritant gas associated with fires
  • Farmers exposed to fresh silage
  • Miners exposed to diesel equipment
  • automobile and truck traffic emissions
A

Nitrogen oxides (NO2)

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37
Q

Relatively insoluble deep lung irritan

A

NO2

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38
Q

Inhalation damages the ___ infrastructure
that produces the surfactant necessary to
allow smooth and low-effort lung alveolar
expansion

(organ ang sagot)

A

lung

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39
Q

Silo-Filler’s Disease

A

NO2

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40
Q

Non-allergic Asthma

A

NO2

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41
Q

Twitchy-Airway dse.

A

NO2

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42
Q

acute clinical effects of NO2

A

Irritation of eyes and nose,

cough,
mucoid or
frothy sputum production,

dyspnea and chest pain;

Pulmonary edema,

fibrotic destruction of terminal bronchioles

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43
Q

chronic clinical effect of NO2

A

emphysematous changes

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44
Q
  • Bluish irritant gas naturally
    found in the earth’s
    atmosphere
A

Ozone (O3)

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45
Q
  • Burning of fossil fuel
  • Emitted from power
    plants, motor vehicles
    and other sources of high
    heat compounds
A

Ozone

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46
Q
  • high-voltage electrical
    equipment and air and
    water purification systems
  • agriculture
A

Ozone

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47
Q

irritant of mucous membranes

A

Ozone

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48
Q

Produces upper respiratory tract irritation
to deep lung irritation with pulmonary
edema

A

Ozone

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49
Q

Formation of reactive free radicals

A

Ozone

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50
Q

Shallow, rapid breathing and decrease in pulmonary compliance

A

Ozone

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51
Q

Irritation and dryness to throat, changes to
visual acuity, substernal pain and dyspnea, ARDS

A

Ozone, acute effects

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52
Q

Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiolitis, Emphysema

A

Ozone, Chronic effect

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53
Q
A
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54
Q

2 kinds of solvents

A

(1) Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

(2) Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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55
Q

“Halohydrocarbons”

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

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56
Q

found in industrial solvents, degreasing agents and
cleaning agents

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

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57
Q

Carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform,
tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane are examples of?

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

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58
Q

Most are classified as known or probable human carcinogens

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

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59
Q

______, a fluorinated aliphatic, causes severe
damage in the ozone

A

Freon

60
Q

renal, prostate and testicular cancer

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

61
Q

CNS depression, kidney injury, liver injury,
cardiotoxicity, arrythmia

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

62
Q

Chronic Exposure in the Workplace: Impaired
memory, peripheral neuropathy

A

Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

63
Q

3 aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Benzene
Toluene
Xylene

64
Q

component of gasoline

A

benzene

65
Q

CNS Depression, Nausea, Euphoria,
Locomotor Problems and Coma; Vertigo, Drowsiness and
Headache

A

benzene, acute exposure

66
Q

Bone Marrow Injury (Aplastic Anemia,
Leukopenia, Pancytopenia, Thrombocytopenia…)

A

benzene, chronic exposure

(basta myelotoxic)

67
Q

Pluripotent Bone Marrow Stem Cells

A

benzene

68
Q

potent clastogen

A

benzene

69
Q

“methylbenzene”

A

toluene

70
Q

paint thinners, nail polish remover, glues, and correction fluid; explosives

A

toluene

71
Q

T/F: toluene has myelotoxic properties

A

False. Wala.

72
Q

CNS depressant, skin and eye irritant, fetotoxic

A

toluene

73
Q

Associated with rapid loss of consciousness, severe fatigue, ataxia

A

toluene

74
Q

“dimethylbenzene”

A

Xylene

75
Q

Colorless, sweet-smelling agent

A

xylene

kasi xweet.

76
Q

Substitute for benzene in solvent degreasing
operations

A

xylene

77
Q

T/F: Xylene has no myelotoxic properties.

A

True.

78
Q

CNS depressant, skin irritant

A

xylene

79
Q

4 kinds of pesticides

A

(1) organochlorine pesticides
(2) organophosphorus pesticides
(3) carbamate pesticides
(4) botanical pesticides

80
Q

Aryl, carbocyclic or heterocyclic compounds with chlorine substituents

A

organochlorine pesticides

81
Q

4 classes of organochlorine pesticides

A
  • DDT (chlorphenothane) and analogs,
  • Benzenehexachlorides
  • Cyclodienes
  • Toxaphenes
82
Q

Known endocrine disruptors in humans and animals

A

organochlorine pesticides

83
Q

used in domestic mosquito elimination in malaria-infested regions of Africa

A

DDT

84
Q

interfere with inactivation of the
sodium channel in excitable membranes

A

organochlorine pesticides

85
Q

cause rapid repetitive firing in most neurons

A

organochlorine pesticides

86
Q

inhibits calcium ion transport

A

organochlorine pesticides

87
Q

first manifestation of DDT

A

tremor

88
Q

do organochlorine pesticides have carcinogenic potential?

A

yes, but more long-term studies are required

89
Q

Used against large variety of pests

A

organophosphorus pesticides

90
Q

Based on warfare chemicals like sarin, soman, and tabun

A

organophosphorus pesticides

91
Q

how do organophosphorus pesticides enter the system

A

Either via direct contact or via plant systemics

92
Q

organophosphorus pesticides are absorbed via ___ (3)

A

skin
respiratory tract
GI tract

93
Q

In the environment, this is not considered a persistent pesticide

A

organophosphorus pesticides

94
Q

inhibition of acetylcholinesterase through
phosphorylation of the esteratic state

A

organophosphorus pesticides

95
Q

clinical manifestation of organophosphorus pesticides

A

M-U-D-D-L-E-S

miosis
urination
diarrhea
diaphoresis
lacrimation
excitation of the CNS
salivation

96
Q

If not reversed, patients will develop neuromuscular
transmission failure – cardiorespiratory failure, weakness of respiratory muscles and death

A

organophosphorus pesticides

97
Q

specific treatment, useful antagonists for organophosphorus pesticides

A

physostigmine
pralidoximine

98
Q

4 environmental pollutants

A

(1) Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls
(2)Perfluorinated Compounds
(3) Endocrine Disruptors
(4) Asbestos

99
Q

Highly halogenated biphenyl compound

A

Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls

100
Q

Used for insulation, fire retardancy

A

Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls

101
Q

main source of PCB in humans

A

food

102
Q

Potent endocrine disruptors; associated with reproductive
and teratogenic effects on animal studies

A

Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls

103
Q

Coolant materials in air-conditioning systems

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

104
Q

Used as oxygen-carrying materials in clinical studies

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

105
Q

Used as heat-, stain-, and stick-resistant coatings for cookware, fabrics and other materials (i.e. Teflon)

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

106
Q

Had deleterious effect in the ozone layer of the
atmosphere

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

107
Q

How are PFCs absorbed in humans

A

ingestion, inhalation

108
Q

PFCs human half life

A

3 years

109
Q

Potent endocrine disruptor

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

110
Q

Long-term adverse effect on reproductive function, cellular proliferation and other cellular homeostatic
mechanisms

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

111
Q

proliferation of breast cancer cells; renal, ovarian, prostate and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

112
Q

cholesterol and uric acid abnormalities

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

113
Q

polymer fume fever

A

Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

114
Q

Mimic, enhance or inhibit a hormonal
action

A

endocrine disruptors

115
Q

Estrogen-like or antiandrogenic
effects; some affect thyroid functions

A

endocrine disruptors

116
Q

Includes plant constituents like
phytoestrogens, mycoestrogens

A

endocrine disruptors

117
Q

Synthetic forms are industrial chemicals, persistent organochlorine agents (DDT), PCBs and brominated flame retardants

A

endocrine disruptors

118
Q

Widely used in industry for over 100 years

A

asbestos

119
Q

progressive fibrotic lung diseases, lung cancer, mesothelioma

A

asbestos

120
Q

asbestos has synergistic effect with _____(2)

A

(1) cigarette smoking
(2) exposure to radon daughters

121
Q

metals (3)

A

(1) Beryllium
(2) Cadmium
(3) Nanomaterials

122
Q

Light alkaline metal used in ceramics and alloys; computers; dental equipment;
devices that requires hardening like missile ceramic nose cones
and heat shield tiles in space vehicles

A

beryllium

123
Q

beryllium route

A

inhalational

124
Q

known human carcinogen (class 1)

metals ito

A

beryllium, cadmium

125
Q

Acute Beryllium Disease and Chronic Beryllium Disease

A

beryllium

126
Q

progressive pulmonary fibrosis

A

beryllium

127
Q

light alkaline metal

A

beryllium

128
Q

transition metal

A

cadmium

129
Q

Found in nickel cadmium batteries, pigments, low-melting
point eutectic materials; in solder; in television phospors; and in plating operations; semiconductors and plastics

A

cadmium

130
Q

cadmium route

A

inhalation, ingestion

131
Q

cadmium fume fever

A

cadmium

132
Q

Chronic exposure may lead to progressive pulmonary fibrosis,
renal failure

A

cadmium

133
Q

Any material, natural or manufactured, bearing a size of at least one dimension that lies between ___ to
____ nm in size

material, size

A

nanomaterials ; 1-100 nm

134
Q

nanomaterials’ routes of exposure

A

inhalational, oral, dermal, parenteral

135
Q

Can cross cellular membranes, penetrate nuclear material and genetic information

A

nanomaterials

136
Q

kidney toxicity

A

silica

137
Q

hepatocellular damage

A

zinc oxide

138
Q

cytotoxic in humans

A

multiwalled carbon nanotubes

139
Q

toxic to lungs and other organs

nanomaterial

A

titanium dioxide

140
Q

IARC stands for ____

A

International Agency for
Research on Cancer

141
Q

IARC classification, group 1

A

carcinogenic to humans

142
Q

IARC classification, group 2A

A

probably carcinogenic to humans

143
Q

IARC classification, group 2B

A

possibly carcinogenic to humans

144
Q

IARC classification, group 3

A

not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans

145
Q

IARC classification, group 4

A

probably not carcinogenic to humans

pcol (1 decks)

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