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Environmental Science > ENV Chapter 5 > Flashcards

ENV Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classifying organisms

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2
Q

Domain

A

Most inclusive taxonomic category; larger than a kingdom

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3
Q

3 Domains

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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4
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

One of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that differ from archaea because they have their own unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics.

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5
Q

Domain Archaea

A

microscopic unicellular prokaryotes superficially similar to bacteria, but significant genetic differences exist. Many archaea are extremophiles (can live in extreme conditions)

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6
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

Includes unicellular and multicellular organisms that all have eukaryotic cells. Includes the plant, animal and fungi kingdom. Also includes the protists, a highly diverse group of organisms that include algae, slime molds and more.

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7
Q

Species diversity

A

The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community. The number of species in a given area.

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8
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

a measure of the genetic variation among individuals in a population, variety of alleles that exists in a population.

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9
Q

Ecological Diversity

A

the variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth.

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10
Q

Native species

A

Species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem

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11
Q

Invasive Species

A

species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats

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12
Q

Indicator species

A

Species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded.

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13
Q

Umbrella species

A

its protection means a wide range of other species will also be protected.

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14
Q

Keystone species

A

A species that regulates the populations of many other species in an ecosystem. Other organisms rely on keystone species

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15
Q

Endemic Species

A

species that are native to and found only within a limited area

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16
Q

HIPPCO

A

Habitat destruction, Invasive Species, Population growth, Pollution, Climate Change, Overexploitation

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17
Q

Habitat loss/destruction

A

Habitat fragmentation, habitat islands

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18
Q

Invasive species

(not the definition, examples of invasive species)

A

african honey bee, kudzu, wild boar, fire ants

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19
Q

Population growth

A

more people = more habitat destruction for resources, more fossil fuel use contributing to climate change, more pollution and overharvesting.

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20
Q

Pollution

A

large pieces of garbage, pesticides and other chemicals air pollution, radioactive materials, oil spills, light and noise pollution

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21
Q

Climate Change

A

Climate change is changing to quickly for many organisms to adapt. Some areas are being submerged due to sea level rise. Warming oceans and increasingly acidic oceans due to CO2 are impacting coral reefs.

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22
Q

Overexploitation

A

Humans are overharvesting fish, plants, forests, grazing, and game animals. Tragedy of the commons.

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23
Q

Mass extinction

A

extinction occurring at a much faster rate than background extinction rate, usually due to significant change globally.

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24
Q

Endangered

A

A species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction

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25
Q

Threatened

A

A species that could become endangered in the near future

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26
Q

Candidate

A

Species under consideration for official listing under the Endangered Species Act

27
Q

Critical Habitat

A

Identifies lands, water and air to be protected for the species in questions to recover

28
Q

threats to forests

A

Climate change, invasive species, deforestation due to agriculture.

29
Q

Services provided by forests

A

Water purification
Air purification
Jobs and raw materials
80% of land-based species rely on forests
Significant carbon sink

30
Q

Threats to grasslands

A

Conversion to agriculture
Changes in species composition
Overgrazing
Regular fire for renewal

31
Q

Problems with Endangered Species Act (ESA)

A

Loss of habitat and introduction of invasive species. Requires money and laws. CITES regulates international trade of at risk species.

32
Q

Main driver of deforestation..?

A

Agriculture

33
Q

Overgrazing

A

Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover

34
Q

Rotational grazing

A

confining animals to a small area for a short time before shifting them to a new location allowing time for the grass in the original area to recover

35
Q

Biodiversity hotspot

A

an area that supports a large number of native species

36
Q

Forest harvesting methods

A

Clear cut (completely clear of trees), Seed Tree (quite a bit cut randomly), shelterwood (More trees left over for animal shelter), Selective (trees selected on purpose), Group selective (same as selective but trees cut in groups)

37
Q

Forests & Fire

A

Increasing heat, changing precipitation patterns, and shifts in vegetation have increased the likelihood of fires and their intensity. Humans are responsible for 97% of the ignitions that caused fires.

38
Q

Forest loss

A

Since 1990 an estimated 420 million hectares have been lost.

39
Q

In the US forest have..

A

became younger. we are losing the old growth forests.

40
Q

Managing forests

A

Maintain forest land base, goods and services of forests are irreplaceable. Maintain diverse size structure and species composition. Maintain quality and quantity of water from forests ecosystems. Maintain soil productivity and minimize soil erosion and containment. Maintain capacity for sustained yield of timber. Maintain forest-based employment.

41
Q

Grasslands conversion reasoning

A

Conversion to agriculture for food and area to grow. Changes in species competition like the removal of bison.

42
Q

Wildlife corridors

A

strips of protected land linking larger areas. They allow animals to move freely and safely between habitats that would otherwise be isolated by human activities.

43
Q

National Park

A

designated for their natural beauty, unique geological features, diverse ecosystems, and recreational opportunities. Hunting and extractive activities are prohibited

44
Q

National Preserve

A

Protected areas. Certain natural resource-extractive activities such as hunting and mining may be permitted, provided their natural values are preserved.

45
Q

National recreation area

A

preserve enhanced recreational opportunities in places with significant natural and scenic resources

46
Q

National wilderness area

A

designated for preservation in their natural condition. The term wilderness is defined as “an area where the earth and community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain”

47
Q

Habitat restoration

A

Returning a natural environment to its original condition

48
Q

Habitat rehabilitation

A

goal is to bring the area back to function the way the previous ecosystem did. The community make-up will likely differ.

49
Q

Habitat replacement

A

Develop some other type of ecosystem on the site, different from what existed previously.

50
Q

Threats to aquatic habitats

A

Flow modification
Overexploitation
Invasive species
Sand mining
Pollution
Coastal development
Climate change
Deep-sea mining

51
Q

Aquatic habitat status

A

Freshwater species populations have declined by 84%, 90% of global wetlands have been lost since 1700, global loss rate per year of 4-9% for corals, 7-2% for salt marshes, 1-3% for mangroves and 2-5% for seagrass meadows.

52
Q

Evolution

A

Descent with modification
Change in allele frequency within a population

53
Q

Mutation

A

Changes in an organism’s DNA. Ultimate source of all genetic variation

54
Q

Fitness

A

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

55
Q

Natural selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

56
Q

Requirements for natural selection

A

Variation
Overproduction
Differential Reproductive Success
Heritability

57
Q

Speciation

A

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

58
Q

Biological species concept

A

Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.

59
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms

60
Q

variation

A

differences in traits within the population

61
Q

overproduction

A

some individuals in the population will not survive.

62
Q

heritability

A

traits have to be inherited.

63
Q

What does HIPPCO Stand for?

A

Habitat Destruction, Invasive species, pollution, population growth, climate change, oxer-exploitation.

Environmental Science (2 decks)

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