Enumeration (With Meaning)

Question 1

It assigns to people different
attributes as a result of differences. People are treated differently due to their presumed ethnic
characteristics

Answer 1

Attributions

Question 2

In this process, one assumes that persons who fall into a particular category on the basis of certain characteristics also have many characteristics that we assume to belong to that category

Answer 2

Stereotype

Question 3

Social scientists find that people
need to compare themselves with others in order to
establish for themselves what kind of people they are.

Answer 3

Social Comparison

Question 4

Once we categorize people
through assigning a stereotype, our perception of their
behavior is filtered through that stereotype

Answer 4

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

Question 5

According to this, people like
to believe that there is justice, that people get what
they deserve

Answer 5

Just-World Hypothesis

Question 6

Related to the key role of comparison in social life are beliefs about justice or the fair distribution of rewards. We often find that people are
more concerned about establishing equity

Answer 6

A Fair World

Question 7

Sociologists define power as the
ability to control one’s own life (personal power) and to
control or influence the actions of others (social
power).

Answer 7

Inequalities of Power

Question 8

The third dimension of social
stratification is prestige. Prestige of individuals and
groups may be defined as the social recognition that a
person or group receives from others. It can be
influenced in a number of ways. It refers to the
esteem, respect, or approval that is granted by an
individual or a collectivity for performance or qualities
they consider above the average

Answer 8

Inequalities of Prestige

Question 9

The income of any family depends
on what its members earn and that they own. Two
families, for example, may have similar income, but one
my come entirely from salaries while the other may
come chiefly from owning farm, real estate,
apartments, stocks, bonds, and others. What people
own is called wealth, and is often inherited. It consists
of the value of everything a person or group owns

Answer 9

Wealth and Income

Question 10

This is also known as the class system.

Answer 10

Open System

Question 11

This is also known as the caste system.
Status is ascribed and determines at birth and people
are locked into their parents’ social position.

Answer 11

Closed System

Question 12

the voluntary
movement of people from one geographical area to
another which is determined by numerous factors. This
is a free movement.

Answer 12

Voluntary Migration

Question 13

This takes several forms such as
the expulsion of unwanted people, the herding of
people into reservation areas and concentration camps,
or the transportation of enslaved individuals and
groups.

Answer 13

Forced Migration

Question 14

These are minority groups who are
designated by their ethnicity based on cultural
differences such as language, attitudes towards
marriage and parenting, and food habits, among others

Answer 14

Ethnic Groups

Question 15

refer to those minorities
and corresponding majorities who are classified
according to obvious physical differences. The obvious
physical characteristics may refer to hair color, color
of the skin, or shape of earlobe. The designation of
racial group emphasizes physical differences as
opposed to cultural distinction.

Answer 15

Racial Groups

Question 16

basis for minority group
status is association with religion other than the
dominant faith

Answer 16

Religious Groups

Question 17

Generally, males are the social
majority. Females, although more numerous, are
relegated the position of social minority. Women are
considered the minority in many societies even though
they do not exhibit all the characteristics.

Answer 17

Gender Groups

Question 18

a society in which
ethnic and racial groups maintain their distinctiveness
but treat one another with respect. Pluralism is a
philosophy that not only assume that minorities have
rights but also considers the lifestyle of a minority
group in be a legitimate and even a desirable way of
participating in society, it is a reaction against
assimilation and melting pot idea

Answer 18

Pluralism

Question 19

This occurs when a minority
group becomes integrated into the dominant society. In
this way, cultural differences are lessened.

Answer 19

Assimilation

Question 20

This is considered the ultimate solution to
intergroup conflict — the mass murder of an ethnic or
racial group

Answer 20

Genocide

Question 21

This occurs when two or more groups
in a society vie for power and privilege. It is mostly to
develop when a society is split into two main ethnic or
racial groups

Answer 21

Ethnic Struggle

Question 22

subordination of one group and the assumption or
position of authority, power, and domination by the
other

Answer 22

Subjugation

Question 23

refers to the
treatment of a group of people as property, rather
than as person

Answer 23

Slavery

Question 24

This refers to the process of forcing a
group to leave the territory where they reside. This
can be made indirectly by making life in the area very
miserable.

Answer 24

Expulsion

Question 25

It
refers to the act, process, or state of being set apart.
It is a situation that places limits and restrictions on
the contact, communication, and social relations among
groups

Answer 25

Segregation

Question 26

refers to the deliberate practice of
trying to exterminate a racial or ethnic group. This has
also been referred to as genocide, a word coined to
describe the crimes committed by the Nazis during the
Second World War

Answer 26

Annihilation

Question 27

means separate development
according to the language of in the 17th century.
Afrikaners, the descendants of Dutch settlers who
immigrated to Southern Africa

Answer 27

The Apartheid in South Africa

Question 28

These theories are concerned
with how behavior is influenced by hereditary factors
that are more immediate than those formed during
evolution.

Answer 28

Genetic Differences

Question 29

This is based on the work of
Sigmund Freud and his followers.

Answer 29

Psychoanalytic Theory

Question 30

These theories
concern a wide range of physiological factors that
might influence human behavior

Answer 30

Neurophysiological Differences

Question 31

These theories are concerned
with the long-term development of specific behaviors
over the course of many generations

Answer 31

Evolutionary Processes

Question 32

Reckless and Dinitz (1967)
explained juvenile delinquency as the outcome of the
children’s personality traits

Answer 32

Containment Theory

Question 33

People adjust and modify their
behavior in response to the rewards and punishments
elicited by their actions.

Answer 33

Behevioral Theory

Question 34

Age may also be described in terms
of biological or physical changes that affect the human
body.

Answer 34

Biological Aging

Question 35

The most common way of
expressing one’s age. It reveals passage of time. It is accurately expressed. This is officially recorded in one’s birth certificate.

Answer 35

Chronological Aging

Question 36

This refers to an individual’s
changing roles and relationships in the social structure

Answer 36

Sociological Aging

Question 37

This includes changes that occur
in sensory and perceptual processes, mental functioning

Answer 37

Psychological Aging

Question 38

were brought about by the Industrial Revolution, the application of scientific methods to production and distribution, where machines were used to perform work that had
formerly been done by humans or farm animals.

Answer 38

Industrial Cities

Question 39

Some advanced technology in either agricultural or non-agricultural areas have to leave developed areas in order to provide a means of shaping the physical environment if only to produce the enormous food surplus necessary to feed city dwellers.

Answer 39

Pre-Industrial Cities

Question 40

This has a large population nucleus,
together with adjacent communities that are economically and socially integrated into that nucleus.

Answer 40

Metropolitan Area

Question 41

This contains a central city and is
continuously built up closely. Settled surrounding territory that together have a population of 50,000 or more

Answer 41

Urbanized Area

Question 42

This has either one or more central cities, each with a population of at least 50,000, or a single urbanized area that has at least 50,000 people

Answer 42

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

Question 43

This is the earliest form of human society. People survived by foraging for vegetable foods, fishing, hunting large wild animals, and collecting shellfish.

Answer 43

Hunting and Food Gathering Societies

Question 44

This type of society relies on
herding and the domestication of animals for food and clothing to satisfy the bulk of the group’s needs.

Answer 44

Pastoral Societies

Question 45

These societies are believed
to have started some 12,000 to 15,000 years ago.

Answer 45

Horticultural Societies

Question 46

This type of society is characterized by the use of the plow in food production.

Answer 46

Agricultural Societies

Question 47

The world has continued to
change since the beginning of industrialization.

Answer 47

Post-Industrial Societies

Question 48

This type of society rose in
connection with the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 48

Industrial Societies

Question 49

-This is the process that occurs when a new type of people, institution, or activity enters an area, which has been previously occupied by a different type.

Answer 49

Invasion

Question 50

This refers to the dominance of the new population or new functions in the area.

Answer 50

Succession

Question 51

This is the opposite tendency of
concentration. It refers to the outward spread of the population to the outlying sections or the suburbs.

Answer 51

Dispersion

Question 52

This is the drawing together of
institutions and activities in a given area. People carrying on the same function reside together in a given area.

Answer 52

Centralization

Question 53

This refers to the increase of
population in a given area and is determined by density
of population

Answer 53

Concentration

Question 54

As land values go up and competition
becomes keen, some of these business establishments
are pushed toward the outlying sections.

Answer 54

Decentralization

Question 55

This is the system that regulates,
stabilizes, and standardizes sexual relations and the reproduction of children.

Answer 55

Familial Institution

Question 56

This is the configuration of
patterned social behaviors through which material
goods and services are provided for the society. It
involves fundamentally the production, distribution,
exchange, and consumption of commodities

Answer 56

Economic Institution

Question 57

Educational Institution

Answer 57

This is basically the
systematized process of socialization occurring
informally in the home and in the general cultural
environment, and formally in the complex educational
arrangements of the society

Question 58

This is the institution that satisfies man’s basic social need for a relationship with God.

Answer 58

Religious Institution

Question 59

This functions primarily to satisfy
the need for general administration and public order in society

Answer 59

Political Institution

Question 60

This fulfills the social need
for physical and mental relaxation

Answer 60

Recreational Institution