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pol sci enumeration > enumeration > Flashcards

enumeration Flashcards

1
Q

ELEMENTS of POLITICAL COMMUNICATION

A

ELEMENTS
1. Communicators
2. Messages
3. Media
4. Receivers
5. Responses

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2
Q

Four Kinds of favorable response

A
  1. Initiation
    1. Conversion
    2. Reinforcement
  2. Activation
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3
Q

CATEGORIES OF MASS COMMUNICATION

A
  1. Television
    1. Newspapers
    2. Radios
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4
Q

THREE GENERAK TYPES OF POLITICAL CULTURE

A

Participant
Subject
Parochial

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5
Q

THREE MAIN MODELS OF MULTICULTURALISM

A
  1. Liberal Multiculturalism
  2. Pluralist Multiculturalism
  3. Cosmopolitan Multiculturalism
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6
Q

DRAWBACKS OF MULTICULTURALISM

A
  1. Liberal Individualism
  2. Conservative and Nationalist
  3. Progressive Theories
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7
Q

THEORIES OF REVOLUTION

A
  1. Marxist Theory of Revolution
    1. Neo-marxist theory
      B1 Systems Theory - political system as a self-regulating mechanism
      B2 Second Theory - Alexis de Tocqueville
      B3 Third Theory - focuses on strengths and weaknesses of the state
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7
Q

THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY

A
  1. Traditional
  2. Charismatic
  3. Legal-Traditional
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8
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF FREE ELECTIONS

A
  1. Regular elections
    1. Meaningful choices
    2. Freedom to put forth candidates
    3. Freedom to know and discuss the choice
    4. Universal adult suffrage
    5. Equal weighing of votes
    6. Free registration of choices
  2. Accurate counting of choices & reporting of results
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9
Q

QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING

A
  1. Citizenship
    1. Age
    2. Residence
  2. Registration
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10
Q

MAIN INFLUENCE ON TURNOUT ARE

A
  1. Competitiveness
    1. Proportionality
    2. Clear Winners
    3. Unicameralism
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11
Q

Remedies to non-voting

A
  1. European-style registration
    1. Reducing the frequency & number of elective officers
    2. Television get-out-the-vote advertisements by civic organizations
    3. More and better civic education
      A MORE RADICAL SOLUTION: COMPULSORY VOTING
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12
Q

Formal nominating procedures

A
  1. Petitions
    1. Party-list designations
      The unique american direct primary
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13
Q

Direct primary systems

A
  1. Closed Primaries
    1. Crossover Primaries
    2. Open Primaries
    3. Blanket Primaries
    4. Nonpartisan Primaries
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14
Q

Single-Member-District Systems

A
  1. First-Past-Post
    1. Absolute Majority Systems
      a. Run-off Elections
      b. Preferential Ballots
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15
Q

POLITICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS

A
  1. Every electoral system give more proportional shares of seats to those with larger share of votes
    1. Single-member-district systems tend to produce two-party systems but third-party systems are especially strong in particular
    2. Proportional systems discriminate against smaller parties
    3. More parties willing to join the coalition are more necessary in proportional than in two-party systems
    4. The more members elected from each district have the highest proportionality of any electoral system
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16
Q

Steps in the German Hybrid

A
  1. Voters cast two ballots, first ballot preference for individual candidates, second ballot preference for political party
    1. Aggregate all second votes each party has won to decide how many seats each party will get
    2. A calculation is made of how many of the national total of 663 seats each party deserved based on its national total of second-votes
    3. The national allocation of each party is then distributed among each of the parties in the sixteen lander
    4. The remaining seats to which it is entitled are awarded to the candidates in each party’s list
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17
Q

Four basic forms of referendums

A
  1. Government-controlled
    1. Constitutionally-required
    2. Popular Petitions
    3. Popular Initiatives
18
Q

Four Characteristics of a Party

A
  1. Aim to exercise government power by winning political office
    1. Organized bodies with formal card-carrying membership
    2. Adopt a broad issue
    3. Parties are united by shared political preference
19
Q

TYPES OF PARTY POLITICS

A
  1. Cadre and Mass Parties
    1. Representative and Integrative Parties
    2. Constitutional and revolutionary parties
    3. Left-wing and right-wing
20
Q

Functions of Parties

A
  1. Representation
    1. Elite formation and Recruitment
    2. Goal Formulation
    3. Interest Articulation and Aggregation
    4. Socialism and Mobilization
    5. Organization of Government
21
Q

Three Considerations of Party Systems

A
  1. Number of parties competing for power
    1. Relative size of the party
    2. Relation to one another
22
Q

Major Party Systems

A
  1. One-party system
    1. Two-party system
    2. Dominant-party system
      Multiparty system
23
Q

Two types of Multiparty System

A
  1. Moderate Pluralist
  2. Polarized Pluralist
24
Q

Functions of Elections

A
  1. Bottom-up functions
    1. Top-down functions
25
Q

Central Functions of Elections

A

Recruiting politicians
Making governments
Providing representation
Influencing policy
Educating voters
Building legitimacy
Strengthening Elites

26
Q

Two broad categories of electoral systems

A

Majoritarian Systems
Proportional Systems

27
Q

Two broad categories of electoral systems

A

Majoritarian Systems
Proportional Systems

28
Q

Short term influences of voting behavior

A

state of the economy
personality and public standing of party leaders
style and effectiveness of the parties’ electoral caampaigning
mass media

29
Q

Theories of Voting Behavior

A

Party-Identification Model
Sociological Model
Rational-choice Model
Dominant Model

30
Q

Types of Groups

A

Communal Groups
Institutional Groups
Associational Groups

31
Q

Two main classifications of interest groups

A

sectional and promotional groups
insider and outsider groups

32
Q

Models of Group Politics

A

pluralism
corporatism
the New right

33
Q

Political and Structural Bias in television news

A

Political in such a way that media slants news stories to favor one side over the other

Structural in the sense that there is sympathetic coverage of the unfamiliar rather than familiar

34
Q

It is an awareness of an aspect of reality derived from sensory processes

A

Perception

35
Q

Levels of Conceptualization

A

Ideology
Group Benefits
Nature of Times
No Issue Content

36
Q

the emotion attached to an idea or object. It is the
quality that makes people support or oppose a particular party, candidate or policy.

A

Affect

37
Q

The Nature of the Process

A

First, membership in particular groups to some
extent limits the signals the members receive
and therefore affects their ideas of what the
world is like.
Second, most people want to be regarded as
normal and part of the group rather than as
eccentric and out of step.
Third, they may well feel that if they voice opinions
sharply different from those of the other members, the
group might shun the dissenters or even break up,
thereby depriving the dissenters of the groups’
satisfactions and support.

38
Q

Types of Influential Group Memberships

A

ethnic group
FRIENDS AND AGE GROUPS
CONGREGATIONS AND RELIGIOUS GROUPS
SCHOOLMATES AND EDUCATIONAL GROUPS
WORK ASSOCIATES THE OCCUPATIONAL
GROUPS
NEIGHBORS, INCOME GROUPS, AND SOCIAL
CLASSES

39
Q

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

A

FAMILIES
SCHOOLS
PEER GROUPS
MASS COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA

40
Q

SOME DIFFERENCES AMONG POLITICAL
CULTURES

A

Patriotism: Identification with the Nation

Trust in People

Confidence in Institutions

Citizens’ Obligations

41
Q

Components of Political Culture

A

Cognitive Orientations
Affective Orientations

42
Q

three reasons for decline of social capital

A

From Putnam’s view
Alternative Social democratic perspective
conservative thinkers
post-fordist theory

pol sci enumeration (1 decks)

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