ENTREP- CHAPTER 3 Flashcards
Therapeutic
In 2000, ________________________________ endorsed the Millennium Development Goals. This unprecedented agreement by the development community focuses energy and resources on the attainment of eight goals, 18 targets, and 48
performance indicators relating to poverty reduction by 2015.
189 United Nations member states
Therapeutic
As health is central to poverty reduction, some goals focus directly on health, covering
maternal mortality, infant mortality, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.
Therapeutic
he emphasis on health promotion, illness prevention, rehabilitation and support services has always been a ____________________ of nursing practice.
fundamental tenet
Therapeutic
________________________ facilitates access to health services, as the options are increased and situated more closely within the consumer’s direct environment.
Nursing entrepreneurship
Social/Professional
must not neglect the crucial inter-linkages with other parts of the health
system and services.
Independent nursing practice
Social/Professional
To avoid ______________________________, nurse entrepreneurs should develop support structures that allow discussion of personal and professional
challenges encountered and facilitate the exchange of data, experiences and creative ideas.
personal and professional isolation
Social/Professional
Often such structures are created within the _____________________, promoting contacts among nurse entrepreneurs themselves and between nurse entrepreneurs and
other nurse professionals.
NNA
Social/Professional
As maintaining ____________________ is a major responsibility, the nurse entrepreneur should be actively involved in the development of health policy and standards.
quality professional practice
Social/Professional
Another responsibility is to keep the _______________________of all options and their consequences, which
can be fulfilled by participating in consumer education campaigns.
consumer well informed
International agreements
where the supplier of a health
service in one country makes the
service available to the population living in another country, e.g. telehealth;
Cross-border supply
Consumption abroad
where patients travel from one country to another to obtain treatment
Consumption abroad
Consumption abroad
he provision of health services on a
for-profit basis by foreign-owned
health care providers or health
transnational corporations;
Commercial presence or
“establishment trade”
Provision of health services by foreign people
he delivery of health services in a given country by foreign individuals or the movement and migration of health
workers, e.g. physicians, nurses.
Provision of health services by foreign people
Legal
There may be other significant legal specifications that will restrict or
enhance entrepreneurial behavior,
depending on ____________________ and ________________
national/provincial law and conditions.
Legal 2
It will be important for the NNA to be involved in this definition process and to
urge government adoption if consistent
terms of reference are to apply to the entire country or state/province.
What authority will define the scope of practice of the nurse entrepreneur?
Legal 2
National/state legislation may need to be introduced that will delegate the authority necessary to develop appropriate criteria. The NNA sometimes takes the initiative in this domain, developing professional standards when no relevant legislation exists.
What authority will define the scope of practice of the nurse entrepreneur?
Legal 2
In most cases, criteria will focus primarily on experience, education and expertise, the weighting of each depending on field realities.
e.g bachelor’s degree, one year post-basic education)
What criteria will be applied?
Legal 2
Nurse entrepreneurs should be registered in order to have a permanent record for data collection and future research/evaluation. Mechanisms must also be developed to monitor the quality of care, process complaints of malpractice and provide grievance machinery.
What regulatory mechanisms will be introduced?
Legal 2
Independent practice implies personal responsibility for any professional error, highlighting the importance of adequate coverage for the nurse and employees, if
any. 1
Is professional indemnity required?
Legal 2
To guard against potential risk factors, nurse entrepreneurs must consider taking insurance on commercial casualty
(property, liability), workman’s compensation, life insurance, health insurance, retirement insurance, etc.
What other insurance is recommended?
Legal 2
Independent practice implies personal responsibility for any professional error, highlighting the importance of adequate coverage for the nurse and employees, if any. 2
Are work contracts required?
Legal 2
Confidentiality of records must be maintained. Note that the record is the property of the practice but the information is the property of the client.
What about security?
Legal 2
In documenting services, refer to relevant legislation and standards or guidelines for documentation prepared by nursing regulatory bodies. Networking with other entrepreneurs already in practice in nursing or other professions may be helpful. Plans will need to
consider:
- The charting system for nursing assessment, plans,
intervention and client response: - Security of confidential information;
- Consent for release of information; and,
- Storage, retention and destruction of records (CNA 1996)
Electronic medical records add another element to documentation. This technology may improve communication
and the transmission of information, but patient’s privacy must be carefully protected.
What records need to be kept?
Economic
In the past, studies to _________________________________ possible have not sufficiently applied quality indicators (i.e. health outcomes) but have focused mainly on quantitative factors (e.g. throughput, or process indicators).
demonstrate the most cost-effective health services
Economic
It is the responsibility of nurses to _________________________ is equally examined before arriving at conclusions that will influence policy and practice.
ensure that the quality of care
Economic
The costing of care was not previously considered a priority. Traditionally, hospital nursing care has been included in _________________ costs and never isolated for particular attention.
‘hotel”
Economic
-the lack of relevant data and;
-the lack of expertise among nurses in this area.
This resulted in two major deficits
Economic
For nurse entrepreneurs to ___________________, they must abandon the notion that costing services is unprofessional and instead actively participate in the development of equitable fees for service.
financially survive
Economic
It is important to note that fee for __________________ generally focus primarily on clinical tasks while _______________and _____________ are often absent from the scales.
service lists, health prevention and promotion activities
Economic
In systems with a _________________ – where the client pays a percentage directly to the nurse while the rest is
paid by the ______________ – a reliable invoice mechanism should be developed to avoid abuse of the
system. In cases where the client pays the nurse directly, proper invoicing is also recommended to support accurate financial accounting and transparency.
set fee for service, insurance company
Ethical
For nurse entrepreneurs to be ____________________, they must be competent and accountable. While
fundamental responsibility lies with the individual nurse entrepreneur, the profession (NNA) must clearly
promote these essential attributes as well. Among the supportive texts and structures required are:
* a clear scope of practice of nurse entrepreneurs;
* standards of education and practice;
* relevant continuing education programmes; and
* functioning regulatory bodies, e.g. council, accrediting
body.
professionally credible
Ethical
It is important that __________________ be an integral part of nurse entrepreneurs’ practice and career development strategy.
continuing education
Ethical
On the other hand, it is not _________, per se, for nurses to develop a business that requires the patient to pay
directly for the service.
unethical
Ethical
It is important to ________________nursing services at their just value.
recognize and reward
Ethical
Some NNAs continue to function as ______________ for nurses, sometimes contracted to supply the entire nursing staff of a particular health institution.
employment agencies
Ethical
This risk must be recognized and lobbying efforts undertaken so that insurance or government reimbursement policies are in place at ___________________________.
all levels of society
Ethical
___________________ and ________________ coupled with a potential isolation from the nursing community
demand that exposure to professional literature and technical educational programmes be maintained.
Rapid scientific and professional advances
Ethical
insurance companies or governments do not systematically reimburse nursing fees, there is a danger that direct access to independent nursing services will be available only to those who can afford to pay, thus creating a ___________________.
two-tiered system
