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Entomology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Method Steps

A

Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion

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2
Q

Variables in Experiments

A

Independent - variable that’s controlled
Dependent - variable that’s measured
Controlled - Variables kept the same

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3
Q

What can science NOT do?

A

Make moral or aesthetic judgement, nor how to USE the scientific knowledge, nor anything supernatural

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4
Q

Define “Natural”

A

Anything regularly occurring

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5
Q

Define “Matter”

A

Everything that has mass and takes up space

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6
Q

3 Forms of Matter

A

Solid, liquid, and gas

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7
Q

Define “Elements”

A

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms by ordinary chemical reactions

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8
Q

Define “Energy”

A

the ability to do work

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9
Q

Three Types of Energy

A

Kinetic, Potential, Chemical

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10
Q

Gaia Hypothesis

A

Lovelock’s idea that Earth and its biological systems is a huge, self-regulating super organism

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11
Q

Rare Earth Hypothesis

A

Argues that Earth was improbable, and there likely isn’t more life out there

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12
Q

Copernican Principle

A

Argues that Earth was probable, and that our planet is not only completely normal, but is likely not the only of its kind

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13
Q

Kepler Space Mission

A

Planet 452b has water and is developing an atmosphere, looking like an older cousin to Earth

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14
Q

Three Major Theories for life on Earth

A

Divine Creation, Cosmic Inoculation (Panspermia), and Neo-Darwinian Evolution (MacroEvolution)

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15
Q

Properties of Organismal Life

A
  1. Composed of Building Blocks (Cells)
  2. Exhibit Organization of Cells (Tissue/Organs)
  3. Has a metabolism
  4. Growth
  5. Irritability (Response to Stimuli)
  6. Adaptability
  7. Reporduction
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16
Q

Life’s Organization: Atoms to Organism

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Molecules or Compounds
  3. Macro-molecules
  4. Organelles
  5. Cells
  6. Tissue
  7. Organs
  8. Organ Systems
  9. Organisms
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17
Q

Abiotic vs Biotic Factor Comparison

A

Abiotic is nonliving physical and chemical elements

Biotic is living or once living organisms

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18
Q

Process leading to structures of early life hypothesized sequence

A
  1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
  2. Molecules join and make Macromolecules (DNA/RNA)
  3. Maintain an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings (cell wall)
  4. Origin of self-replicating molecules (eventually make inheritance)
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19
Q

Haldane/Oparin Hypothesis (1920)

A

Idea that early oceans were a solution of organic molecules (“Primordial Soup”)

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20
Q

Miller-Urey Experiment (1953)

A

Proves Haldane/Oparin Hypothesis

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21
Q

What are Stromatolites?

A

flayered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together

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22
Q

What do Stromatolites represent?

A

The first signs of life being possible (Prokaryotes)

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23
Q

Prokaryotes vs Eurkaryotes

A

Prokaryotes are single celled, Eurokaryotes have DNA in the form of chromosomes, contained in a nucleus

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24
Q

Cambrian Explosion/ where the animals live

A

Dramatic increase in the phyla of animals. Most animals lived in water, but herbivores are possible now

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25
Continental Drift Concept + Effects
Tectonic Plates "float" on a hot mantle, causing continents to move and come together (3 times now_ promoting allopatric speculation (similar animals in different places)
26
Three Major Mass Extinction Events
Permian, Cretaceous, and 6th Extinction (Humans)
27
2 Studies/Views of Evolution
Patterns (observations) and Process (mechanisms that connect patterns)
28
Scale of Nature
Idea that fixed species are unchanging over time (Aristotle view with ranking)
29
Linnaeus Classification System
Binomial Naming System and Adopts Nested Classification System (Genus - Familes - Orders)
30
What are Fossils/Strata?
Fossils are remains/traces of organisms and stata are the layers of compressed rock that hold fossils
31
Lamarck Hypothesis and 2 Major Concepts
"Line of Descent" saying that used parts become larger/stronger and that there's inheritance of acquired traits
32
What's important about Lamarck?
Suggests Inheritance (Evolution)
33
Darwin's Natural Selection and the 4 Major Observations of Nature
1. Members of a population vary greatly 2. Variations are inherited 3. All species can produce more offspring than their environment can support 4. Individuals with more "fit" inherited traits leave more offspring than others
34
Gene vs Genome
Genes hold a specific set of DNA, genomes tell the cell whether or not to use said DNA
35
What/where are chromosomes?
Packed DNA in a cell's nucleus
36
Define "Central Dogma" and relate it to transcription/translation of DNA/RNA
The "flow" of genetics. DNA is unzipped (transcription), transcribed into RNA code, RNA is than translated to become proteins
37
Geno-type/Phenotype and Environmental Effects
Genotype is the genetic composition, while Phenotypes are the physical trait. Environment decides which genotypes become phenotypes
38
Key Roles of Cell Division
1. Reproduction 2. Growth/Development 3. Tissue Renewal
39
Somatic cell vs Germ Cells
Germ cells form gametes and are modified by meiosis. Somatic cells are all other cells and undergo mitosis.
40
Difference of Mitosis vs Meiosis
Mitosis is for reparation and growth while meiosis is for sperm and egg development
41
How does Mitosis alternate with Interphase?
Interphase what cells are in 90% of the time, where the cell grows, synthesizes and duplicates DNA, and then prepares for mitotic phase.
42
Cancer and Cell Cycle Control
Cancer cells don't stop splitting and disregulate programmed cell death
43
Metastasis
Migration of cancer cells to a new location
44
Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels around cancer cells
45
Tumor Terms
Neoplasm, Benign, Adenoma,Carcinoma
46
Neoplasm
No potential for cancer to spread/grow
47
Benign
non-cancerous growth
48
Adenoma
benign tumor on glandular tissue
49
Carcinoma
tumor from epithelial cells (inside of cheek/intestine)
50
Malignant
Growth no longer under normal growth control
51
Metastasis
Spread of cancer from its original site to another part of the body
52
Four Causes of Cancer
1. Carcinogens 2. Oncogenes 3. Promoters 4. Viruses
53
HeLa Cells and where they came from
Set of cells given by Henrietta Lack being studied to combat cancer
54
3 Origins of Variation
1. Independent Assortment 2. Crossing Over 3. Random Fertilization
55
List the Order of Food Chain from Sun to Decomposers
1. Sun 2. Primary Producers (Plants) 3. Primary Consumers (Bugs) 4. Secondary Consumers (Antelope) 5. Tertiary Consumers (lions) 6. Decomposers (Dung Beetle)
56
Equation for Photosynthesis
CO2 + Solar Energy + H2O = C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2
57
Equation for Celluar Respiration
C6H1206 (Glucose) + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
58
Three Basic Organs of Plants
1. Roots 2. Stems 3. Leaves
59
Root System
Provides plants with water and minerals
60
Shoot System
Provides plants with CO2 and light
61
What service do plants provide?
Oxygen producers, prevent erosion, provide habitats, natural industry, make food, and beautify
62
Consequences of Deforestation
Loss of animal life, no absorption of greenhouse gases, desertification, and temperature fluctuations
63
Where do fossil fuels come from and why aren't they renewable?
They're hydrocarbons and it takes the earth 100 million years to form more (if it ever does)
64
Main Fossil Fuels
Coal, Oil, Gas
65
Characteristics of Animals
multicellular, eukaryotes, ingestive heteretrophs, store food reserves as glycogen
66
Types of Support Systems
Endoskeleton, exoskeleton, hydrostatic skeleton
67
Sessile
attached and non-moving
68
Sedentary
moving very little
69
Motile
moves a bunch
70
What does ATP do?
powers work/movement
71
What process produces ATP?
Cellular Respiration
72
What is biosphere 1?
Earth!
73
What natural cycles are important to maintain a biosphere for humans?
Cycle of energy, cellular respiration, photosynthesis
74
What was biosphere 2?
An attempt at making a closed system on Earth that could later be portable

Entomology (2 decks)

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