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Entomology > Entomology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Entomology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Method Steps

A

Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion

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2
Q

Variables in Experiments

A

Independent - variable that’s controlled
Dependent - variable that’s measured
Controlled - Variables kept the same

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3
Q

What can science NOT do?

A

Make moral or aesthetic judgement, nor how to USE the scientific knowledge, nor anything supernatural

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4
Q

Define “Natural”

A

Anything regularly occurring

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5
Q

Define “Matter”

A

Everything that has mass and takes up space

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6
Q

3 Forms of Matter

A

Solid, liquid, and gas

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7
Q

Define “Elements”

A

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms by ordinary chemical reactions

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8
Q

Define “Energy”

A

the ability to do work

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9
Q

Three Types of Energy

A

Kinetic, Potential, Chemical

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10
Q

Gaia Hypothesis

A

Lovelock’s idea that Earth and its biological systems is a huge, self-regulating super organism

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11
Q

Rare Earth Hypothesis

A

Argues that Earth was improbable, and there likely isn’t more life out there

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12
Q

Copernican Principle

A

Argues that Earth was probable, and that our planet is not only completely normal, but is likely not the only of its kind

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13
Q

Kepler Space Mission

A

Planet 452b has water and is developing an atmosphere, looking like an older cousin to Earth

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14
Q

Three Major Theories for life on Earth

A

Divine Creation, Cosmic Inoculation (Panspermia), and Neo-Darwinian Evolution (MacroEvolution)

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15
Q

Properties of Organismal Life

A
  1. Composed of Building Blocks (Cells)
  2. Exhibit Organization of Cells (Tissue/Organs)
  3. Has a metabolism
  4. Growth
  5. Irritability (Response to Stimuli)
  6. Adaptability
  7. Reporduction
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16
Q

Life’s Organization: Atoms to Organism

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Molecules or Compounds
  3. Macro-molecules
  4. Organelles
  5. Cells
  6. Tissue
  7. Organs
  8. Organ Systems
  9. Organisms
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17
Q

Abiotic vs Biotic Factor Comparison

A

Abiotic is nonliving physical and chemical elements

Biotic is living or once living organisms

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18
Q

Process leading to structures of early life hypothesized sequence

A
  1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
  2. Molecules join and make Macromolecules (DNA/RNA)
  3. Maintain an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings (cell wall)
  4. Origin of self-replicating molecules (eventually make inheritance)
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19
Q

Haldane/Oparin Hypothesis (1920)

A

Idea that early oceans were a solution of organic molecules (“Primordial Soup”)

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20
Q

Miller-Urey Experiment (1953)

A

Proves Haldane/Oparin Hypothesis

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21
Q

What are Stromatolites?

A

flayered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together

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22
Q

What do Stromatolites represent?

A

The first signs of life being possible (Prokaryotes)

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23
Q

Prokaryotes vs Eurkaryotes

A

Prokaryotes are single celled, Eurokaryotes have DNA in the form of chromosomes, contained in a nucleus

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24
Q

Cambrian Explosion/ where the animals live

A

Dramatic increase in the phyla of animals. Most animals lived in water, but herbivores are possible now

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25
Q

Continental Drift Concept + Effects

A

Tectonic Plates “float” on a hot mantle, causing continents to move and come together (3 times now_ promoting allopatric speculation (similar animals in different places)

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26
Q

Three Major Mass Extinction Events

A

Permian, Cretaceous, and 6th Extinction (Humans)

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27
Q

2 Studies/Views of Evolution

A

Patterns (observations) and Process (mechanisms that connect patterns)

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28
Q

Scale of Nature

A

Idea that fixed species are unchanging over time (Aristotle view with ranking)

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29
Q

Linnaeus Classification System

A

Binomial Naming System and Adopts Nested Classification System (Genus - Familes - Orders)

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30
Q

What are Fossils/Strata?

A

Fossils are remains/traces of organisms and stata are the layers of compressed rock that hold fossils

31
Q

Lamarck Hypothesis and 2 Major Concepts

A

“Line of Descent” saying that used parts become larger/stronger and that there’s inheritance of acquired traits

32
Q

What’s important about Lamarck?

A

Suggests Inheritance (Evolution)

33
Q

Darwin’s Natural Selection and the 4 Major Observations of Nature

A
  1. Members of a population vary greatly
  2. Variations are inherited
  3. All species can produce more offspring than their environment can support
  4. Individuals with more “fit” inherited traits leave more offspring than others
34
Q

Gene vs Genome

A

Genes hold a specific set of DNA, genomes tell the cell whether or not to use said DNA

35
Q

What/where are chromosomes?

A

Packed DNA in a cell’s nucleus

36
Q

Define “Central Dogma” and relate it to transcription/translation of DNA/RNA

A

The “flow” of genetics. DNA is unzipped (transcription), transcribed into RNA code, RNA is than translated to become proteins

37
Q

Geno-type/Phenotype and Environmental Effects

A

Genotype is the genetic composition, while Phenotypes are the physical trait. Environment decides which genotypes become phenotypes

38
Q

Key Roles of Cell Division

A
  1. Reproduction
  2. Growth/Development
  3. Tissue Renewal
39
Q

Somatic cell vs Germ Cells

A

Germ cells form gametes and are modified by meiosis. Somatic cells are all other cells and undergo mitosis.

40
Q

Difference of Mitosis vs Meiosis

A

Mitosis is for reparation and growth while meiosis is for sperm and egg development

41
Q

How does Mitosis alternate with Interphase?

A

Interphase what cells are in 90% of the time, where the cell grows, synthesizes and duplicates DNA, and then prepares for mitotic phase.

42
Q

Cancer and Cell Cycle Control

A

Cancer cells don’t stop splitting and disregulate programmed cell death

43
Q

Metastasis

A

Migration of cancer cells to a new location

44
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels around cancer cells

45
Q

Tumor Terms

A

Neoplasm, Benign, Adenoma,Carcinoma

46
Q

Neoplasm

A

No potential for cancer to spread/grow

47
Q

Benign

A

non-cancerous growth

48
Q

Adenoma

A

benign tumor on glandular tissue

49
Q

Carcinoma

A

tumor from epithelial cells (inside of cheek/intestine)

50
Q

Malignant

A

Growth no longer under normal growth control

51
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread of cancer from its original site to another part of the
body

52
Q

Four Causes of Cancer

A
  1. Carcinogens
  2. Oncogenes
  3. Promoters
  4. Viruses
53
Q

HeLa Cells and where they came from

A

Set of cells given by Henrietta Lack being studied to combat cancer

54
Q

3 Origins of Variation

A
  1. Independent Assortment
  2. Crossing Over
  3. Random Fertilization
55
Q

List the Order of Food Chain from Sun to Decomposers

A
  1. Sun
  2. Primary Producers (Plants)
  3. Primary Consumers (Bugs)
  4. Secondary Consumers (Antelope)
  5. Tertiary Consumers (lions)
  6. Decomposers (Dung Beetle)
56
Q

Equation for Photosynthesis

A

CO2 + Solar Energy + H2O = C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2

57
Q

Equation for Celluar Respiration

A

C6H1206 (Glucose) + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

58
Q

Three Basic Organs of Plants

A
  1. Roots
  2. Stems
  3. Leaves
59
Q

Root System

A

Provides plants with water and minerals

60
Q

Shoot System

A

Provides plants with CO2 and light

61
Q

What service do plants provide?

A

Oxygen producers, prevent erosion, provide habitats, natural industry, make food, and beautify

62
Q

Consequences of Deforestation

A

Loss of animal life, no absorption of greenhouse gases, desertification, and temperature fluctuations

63
Q

Where do fossil fuels come from and why aren’t they renewable?

A

They’re hydrocarbons and it takes the earth 100 million years to form more (if it ever does)

64
Q

Main Fossil Fuels

A

Coal, Oil, Gas

65
Q

Characteristics of Animals

A

multicellular, eukaryotes, ingestive heteretrophs, store food reserves as glycogen

66
Q

Types of Support Systems

A

Endoskeleton, exoskeleton, hydrostatic skeleton

67
Q

Sessile

A

attached and non-moving

68
Q

Sedentary

A

moving very little

69
Q

Motile

A

moves a bunch

70
Q

What does ATP do?

A

powers work/movement

71
Q

What process produces ATP?

A

Cellular Respiration

72
Q

What is biosphere 1?

A

Earth!

73
Q

What natural cycles are important to maintain a biosphere for humans?

A

Cycle of energy, cellular respiration, photosynthesis

74
Q

What was biosphere 2?

A

An attempt at making a closed system on Earth that could later be portable

Entomology (2 decks)

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