enthalpy and entropy Flashcards
why are solid ionic compounds stable and have a high melting point
- strength of ionic bonds ,electrostatic attractions between opposityley charged ions in the ionic lattice structure
- this creates a substantial energy barrier must be overcome to break down the lattice
what is lattice enthalpy
measure of the strength of ionic bonding in a giant ionic lattice
what is the definition of lattice enthalpy
- enthalpy change that accompanies the formation of one mole of an ionic compound from its gaseous ions under standard conditions
is lattice enthalpy exothermic or endothermic and why
- involves the ionic bond formation from seperate gaseous ions
- it is exothermic change and value for enthalpy change will always be negative
describe the two different routes of the born haber cycle
- route 1 - formation of gaseous ions, formation of gaseous atom , lattice enthalpy
- route 2 - lattice formation from elements
describe the processes in route 1 in the born haber cycle
- formation of gasoues atoms - changing the elements in their standard states into gaseous atoms, this change is endothermic as it involves bond breaking
- formation of gaseous ions - changing the gaseous atoms into positive and negative gaseous ions , overall change is endothermic
- lattice formation - changing the gasoues ions into the solid ionic lattice
this is the lattice enthalpy and is exothermic
describe the processes in route 2 of the born haber cycle
- converts the elements in thir standard state directly to the ionic lattice, one enthalpy change
- enthalpy change of formation
- this is exothermic
what is the standard enthalpy change of formation
is the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions with all reactants and products in their standard states
what is the compound formed when standard enthalpy change of formation occurs
ionic compound in its solid lattice
what is the standard enthalpy change of atomisation
is the enthalpy change that takes place for the formation of one mole of gaseous atoms from the element in its standard state under standard conditions
is the standard enthalpy change of stomisation endothermic or exothermic and why
- endothermic
- bond are broken to form gaseous atoms
what is the first ionisation energy
- enthalpy change required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of gasouess atoms to form one mole of gasoues 1+ ions
are ionisation energies endothermic or exothermic explain why
- endothermic because energy is required to overcome the attraction between a negative electron and the positive nucleus
what is electron affinity the opposite of ionisation energy
- measures the energy to gain electrons
- ionisation energy measures the energy to lose electrrons
what is the first electron affinity
the enthalpy change that takes place when one electron is added to each atom in one mole of gaseous toms to form one mole of gaseous 1- ions
are first electron affinities endothermic or exothermic and why
- exothermic as electron being added is attracted in towards the nucleus
are second electron affinities are exothermic and endothermic and explain why
- endothermic
- second electron being gained by a negative ion which repels the electron away
- so energy must be put in to force the negativley charged electron onto the negative ion
describe the process of dissolving ionic compounds
- water molecules able to break up the giant ionic lattice struture
- overcome the strong electrostatic attractions between oppositley charged ions
what is the standard enthalpy of solution
- enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of solute dissolves in a solvent
what happens if the solvent is water in the standard enthalpy change of solution
- ions from the ionic lattice finish up surrounded with water molecules as aqueous ions
is the enthalpy chane of solution be endothermic or exothermic
- can be both
- the attraction exists in three dimensions so there will alo be ions and water molecules above and below the plane of the paper
describe how water molecules attract the ions in the ionic lattice
- negative diple on the oxygen atom is attracted to the positive ion
- the hydrogen atoms is attracted to the negative ion
describe the dissolving process
- when a solid ionic compound dissolved in water two processes take place:
- the ionic lattice breaks up
- water molecules are attracted to and surround the ions
what are the two types of energy changes involved in dissolving
- ionic lattice is broken up forming sepetrate gaseous ions
- opposite energy from lattice energy which forms the ionic lattice from gaseous ions
- the seperate gaseous ions interact with polar water molecules to form hydrated aqueous ions the energy change involved is the enthalpy change of hydration