Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Emergency Medicine > ENT/Ophthalmology > Flashcards

ENT/Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Blepharitis

A

Inflammation of both eyelids

Common in patients with Down’s Syndrome and Eczema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sx of Blepharitis

A

Eye irrtation/itching

Burning, erythema with crusting, scaling, red-rimming of eyelid and eyelash flaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tx of Blepharitis

A

Anterior: Eyelid hygiene: warm compresses, eyelid scrubbing, baby shampoo
Posterior: Eyelid massage/expression of Meibomian gland regularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a Hordeolum (Stye)

A

Local abscess of eyelid margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common pathogen in Hordeolum

A

Staph. Aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sx of Hordeolum

A

Focal Abscess: Painful, warm, swollen red lump on eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tx of Hordeolum

A

Warm Compresses, Topical Abx (Erythromycin, Bacitracin), I&D if no drainage after 48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a Chalazion

A

Painless granuloma of internal meibomian sebaceous gland

Leads to focal eyelid swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sx of Chalazion

A

Hard, non-tender eyelid swelling on conjunctival surface of eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tx of Chalazion

A

Eyelid Hygiene, Warm Compresses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Dacrocystitis

A

Infection of the lacrimal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the common pathogens associated with Dacrocystitis

A

S. Aureus, GABHS, S. Epidermis, H.Flue, S. Pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sx of Dacrocystitis

A

Tenderness, edema and redness to nasal side of lower lid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tx of Dacrocystitis

A

Oral abx: Clindamycin + 3rd Gen Cephalosporin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a Pterygium

A

Elevated, superficial fleshy, triangle shaped growing fibrovascular mass on the nasal side of the eye and extends laterally
Associated with increased UV exposure in sunny climates, sand, wind, dust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tx ot Pterygium

A

Observation in most cases (Artificial tears), Removal if growth affects vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a Pinguecula

A

Yellow, Elevated nodule on nasal side of eye

It does not grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an Orbital Floor “blowout” Fracture

A

Fractures to the orbital floor (maxillary, zygomatic, palatine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sx of Orbital Floor Fracture

A

Decreased visual acuity, Enophthalmos (sunken eye)
Diplopia especially with upward gaze
Orbital Emphysema
Epistaxis, Dyesthesias, Hyperalgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dx of Orbital Floor Fracture

A

CT Scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tx of Orbital Floor Fracture

A 
Nasal Decongestants
Avoid blowing nose
Prednisone
Abx (Unasyn or Clindamycin)
Surgical Repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a Globe Rupture

A

The outer membranes of eye disrupted by blunt or penetrating trauma
This is an emergency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sx of Globe Rupture

A

Ocular Pain, Diplopia
Misshaped eye with prolapse of ocular tissue from sclera or corneal opening
Enophthalmos (sunken eye), Severe conjunctival hemorrhage
Teardrop or irregularly shaped pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tx of Globe Rupture

A

Rigid Eye Shield, Immediate Ophtho Consult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is Macular Degeneration

A

Most common cause of legal blindness and visual loss in the elderly
Macula is responsible for central vision (detail and color)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Dry Macular Degeneration

A

Gradual breakdown of the macula, gradual blurring of central vision
See Drusen: Small, round, yellow-white spots on outer retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Wet Macular Degeneration

A

New, abnormal vessels grow under central retinal which leak and bleed
Leads to retinal scarring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dx of Wet Macular Degeneration

A

Fluorescein Angiography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sx of Macular Degeneration

A

Bilateral blurred or loss of Central Vision
Scotomas (blind spots, shadows)
Metamorphopsia (straight lines appear bent)
Micropsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Tx of Macular Degenration

A

Dry: Amsler Grid at home to monitor stability, Vit. A, B, E, Zing to slow progression
Wet: Anti-Angiogenics (Bevacizumab which inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Papilledema

A

Optic nerve (disc) swelling secondary to increased intracranial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What leads to Papilledema

A

Idiopathic intracranial HTN
Space-Occupying Lesion (tumor, abscess)
Increased CSF production
Cerebral Edema, Severe HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sx of Papilledema

A

Headache, N/V, Vision usually preserved

Usually bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Dx of Papilledema

A

Swollen optic disc with blurred margins

MRI or CT to r/o mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Tx of Papilledema

A

Diuretics (Acetazolamide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is Retinal Detachment

A

Retinal tear leads to retinal inner layer detaching from choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Sx of Retinal Detachment

A

Photopisa (Flashing Lights) with detachment
Floaters
Progressive unilateral vision loss: Shadow in peripheral field then central visual field TUNNEL VISION
No Pain or Redness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Dx of Retinal Detachment

A

Fundoscopy: Retina is seen hanging in vitreous

Positive Schaffer’s Sign (clumping of pigment cells in anterior vitreious)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Tx of Retinal Detachment

A

Optho Emergency: Laser, Cryotherapy Ocular Surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are Sx of a Foreign Body or Corneal Abrasion

A

Foreign body sensation in eye, tearing, red and painful eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Dx of Corneal Abrasion

A

Pain relieved with ophthalmic analgesic drops

Fluorescein staining for epithelial defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Tx of Corneal Abrasion

A

Check visual acuity first
Remove foreign body with sterile irrigation or moist sterile cotton swab
Topical Abx (Fq for contacts to cover Pseudomonas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is Orbital (post septal) Cellulitis

A

Usually secondary to sinus infections

44
Q

What pathogens are associated with Orbital Cellulitis

A

s. Pneumo, GABHS, H. Influenza, S. Aureus

45
Q

Sx of Orbital Cellulitis

A

Decreased vision
Pain with ocular movement
Proptosis

46
Q

Dx of Orbital Cellulitis

A

CT: Infection of fat and ocular muscles

47
Q

Tx of Orbital Cellulitis

A

IV Abx (Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Cefotaxime)

48
Q

What is Periorbital Cellulitis

A

Preseptal Cellulitis

Infection of eyelid and periocular tissue

49
Q

Sx of Periorbital Cellulitis

A

No visual changes

No pain with ocular movement

50
Q

What is Acute Narrow-Angle Closure Glaucoma

A

Glaucoma: Increased Intraocular Pressure, Leads to optic nerve damage (decreased visual acuity)
Decreased drainage of aqueous humor via trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm

51
Q

Sx of Acute Narrow-Angle Closure Glaucoma

A 
Severe unilateral ocular pain
N/V
Headache
Intermittent blurry vision
Halos around lights
Tunnel Vision
Steamy Cornea
Eye feels hard to palpation
52
Q

Dx of Acute Narrow-Angle Closure Glaucoma

A

Increased intraocular pressure measured by tonometry

Cupping of optic nerve

53
Q

Tx of Acute Narrow-Angle Closure Glaucoma

A

Lower Intra Ocular Pressure first then Open the angle
Acetazolamide IV is 1st line (decreased IOP by decreased aqueous humor production)
Topical Beta-Blocker reduces IOP
Miotics/Cholinergics

54
Q

What is the most common pathogen in Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Adenovirus
Usually in swimming pools
Very Contageious

55
Q

Sx of Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Preauricular lymphadenopathy
Copious water discharge
Scanty mucoid discharge
Often Bilatera

56
Q

Tx of Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Cool Compresses
Artificial Tears
Atihistamines for itching/redness

57
Q

What are the common pathogens involved in Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A

Staph/Strep, H. Influenza, Moraxella

58
Q

Sx of Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A

Purulent discharge, lid crusting, no visual changes

59
Q

Tx of Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A 
Topical Abx (Erythromycin)
If contacts: FQ for pseudomonas coverage
60
Q

What is Keratitis

A

Corneal Ulcer/Inflammation
Due to bacteria, viruses, fungi
Associated with rapid progression and sight-threatening

61
Q

Sx of Keratitis

A

Pain, Photophobia, Reduced Vision, Tearing
Corneal ulceration on slit lamp exam
Hazy Cornea in Bacterial
Dendritic Lesions in HSV

62
Q

Tx of Bacterial Keratitis

A

FQ (Moxifloxacin)
Don’t patch the eye
Topical Steroids

63
Q

Tx of HSV Keratitis

A

Trifluridine, Vidarabine, Acyclovir ointment

Oral Acyclovir

64
Q

What is Optic Neuritis

A

Inflammation of Optic Nerve (CN II)

65
Q

Sx of Optic Neuritis

A

Loss of color vision
Visual field defects (central scotoma/blind spot)
Unilateral vision loss
Ocular pain that is worse with eye movement
Marcus Gunn Pupil: When light shone into eye, it dilates rather than constricts

66
Q

Tx of Optic Neuritis

A

IV Methylprednisolone followed by oral steroids

67
Q

What is Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

A

The central retinal vein thrombus leads to fluid backup in the retina which in turn leads to acute, sudden monocular vision loss

68
Q

What are risk factors for central retinal vein occlusion

A

HTN, DM, Glaucoma, Hypercoagulable State

69
Q

Dx of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

A

Fundoscopy: Extensive retinal hemorrhages (blood and thunder appearance)
Retinal vein dilation
Macular edema

70
Q

Tx of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

A

Anti-Inflammatories
Steroids
Plasmapheresis
Laser

71
Q

What is Otitis Externa

A

Swimmers Ear

Bacterial overgrowth, usually Pseudomonas

72
Q

Sx of Otitis Externa

A

Ear pain, Pruritis, Auricular Discharge
Pain on traction of ear canal/tragus
Erythema, Edema, Debris

73
Q

Tx of Otitis Externa

A

Isopropyl Alcohol and Acetic Acid to dry ear

Cipro/Dexamethason

74
Q

What is Acute Otitis Media

A

Infection of middle ear, temporal bone and mastoid air cells

Usually preceded by UIR

75
Q

What are the most common pathogens with Acute Otitis Media

A

S. Pneumo, H. Influenza, Moraxella, Strep Pyogens

76
Q

Sx of Acute Otitis Media

A

Fevers, Otalgia, Ear tugging in infants, conductive hearing loss
TM may be perforated: rapid relief of pain + Otorrhea
See bulging, erythematous TM with effusions

77
Q

Tx of Acute Otitis Media

A

Amoxicillin

If PCN Allergy: Erythromcyin-Sulfisoxazole, Azithromycin

78
Q

What is Mastoiditis

A

Inflammation of mastoid air cells of temporal bone

79
Q

Sx of Mastoiditis

A

Deep ear pain, usually worse at night

Mastoid tenderness

80
Q

Tx of Mastoiditis

A

IV abx with myringotomy (Ampicillin, Cefuroxime)

If refractory: Mastoidectomy

81
Q

What is Labyrinthitis

A

Vestibular Neuritis + Hearing Loss/Tinnitus

82
Q

Sx of Labyrinthitis

A

Vestibular Sx: Peripheral vertigo, dizziness, N/V, gait disturbances
Cochlear sx: Hearing loss

83
Q

Tx of Labyrinthitis

A

Corticosteroids are 1st line

Antihistamines if sx

84
Q

What is Acute Sinusitis

A

URI leads to edema which blocks drainage of the sinuses, leads to fluid buildup and bacterial colonization

85
Q

What are the most common pathogens seen with Acute Sinusitis

A

Strep. Pneumo, GABHS, H.Flu, M. Catarrhalis

SAME AS ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA

86
Q

Sx of Acute Sinusitis

A

Sinus pain/pressure, worse with bending forward, headache, malaise, purulent sputum or nasal discharge
Cheek pain/pressure
Tenderness to high lateral wall of nose
Sinus tenderness on palpation, opacifications with trans illumincation

87
Q

Dx of Acute Sinusitis

A

Clinic
CT scan is diagnostic
Xray: Water’s View

88
Q

Tx of Acute Sinusitis

A

Amoxicillin, Doxycyclince, Bactrim

89
Q

What is Chronic Sinusitis

A

Sinusitis that lastsa 8 weeks or more

90
Q

What is the most common pathogen associated with Chronic Sinusitis

A

Staph Aureus, Psuedomonas, Aspergillus

91
Q

Sx of Acute Rhinitis

A

Sneezing, nasal congestion/itching, clear rhinorrhea
If allergic type: Pale, Boggy Turbinates, Nasal Polyps with cobblestone mucosa
If Vrial: Erythematous Turbinates

92
Q

Tx of Acute Rhinitis

A

Oral Antihistamines
Decongestants like Pseudoephedrine
Intranasal Steroids for allergic rhinitis especially with nasal polyps

93
Q

What is Epistaxis

A

Bleeding from the nose

94
Q

What is the most common source of Anterior Epistaxis

A

Kiesselbach’s Plexus

95
Q

What is the most common source for Posterior Epistaxis

A

Palatine Artery

96
Q

Tx of Epistaxis

A

Direct Pressure for 10 minutes
Short acting Topical decongestants (Afrin)
Cauterization or Nasal Packing

97
Q

What is a Peritonsillar Abscess

A

Starts as tonsillitis, followed by cellulitis, followed by abscess formation

98
Q

What is the most common pathogen with Peritonsillar Abscess

A

Strep Pyogens, Staph Aureus, Polymicrobial

99
Q

Sx of Peritonsillar Abscess

A

Dysphagia, Pharyngitis, muffled “hot potato voice” difficultly handling oral secretions, trismus, uvula deviation to contralateral side

100
Q

Dx of Peritonsillar Abscess

101
Q

Tx of Peritonsillar Abscess

A

Drainage and Abx (Unasyn or Clindamycin)

Steroids for edema

102
Q

What is Epiglottitis

A

Inflammation of epiglotis

103
Q

What are the most common pathogens associated with Epiglottitis

A

H. Influenza type B, S. Pneumo

104
Q

Sx of Epiglottitis

A

ABrupt onset of fever, droolwing, dysphagia and distress (tripod position)

105
Q

Dx of Epiglottitis

A

Tongue blade not used, it will cause a laryngospasm
Lateral Cervical Film: See Thumb Sign
Laryngoscop is definitive, only in adults, see cherry-red epiglottis

106
Q

Tx of Epiglottitis

A

Secure airway, IV abx (Ceftriaxone), IV Corticosteroids and IV fluids

Emergency Medicine (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions