ENT - Laryngology

Question 1

What is the only vocal fold abductor?

Answer 1

Posterior cricoarytenoid

Question 2

What is the only laryngeal muscle innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve?

Answer 2

Cricothyroid - chief pitch-chnaging muscle

Question 3

What joint in the larynx is affected by RA?

Answer 3

Cricoarytenoid

Question 4

What vocal fold layer is affected by smoking and masculinizes the voice?

Answer 4

Superficial lamina propria

Question 5

In peds, which cervical vertebrae is at the level of the larynx? Cricoid?

Answer 5

C1 - larynx

C4 - cricoid

Question 6

For children, how do you estimate ET tube size?

Answer 6

(age+16)/4

Question 7

What is Bernoulli’s Effect? How does this pertain to the vocal cords?

Answer 7

Forced air across a constricted zone cause negative pressure

Vocal cords open from inferior to superior, and then inferior closes due to this effect

Question 8

What does SPECS-R indicate you for?

Answer 8

Severity of obstruciton
PRogression of shortness of breath
Eating difficulties
Cyanosis
Sleep apnea
Radiologic findings

Question 9

What are the 5 indications for a trach?

Answer 9

Bypass upper airway obstruciton
Prolonged intubation
Pulmonary toilet
Protect from aspiration
Eliminate dead space

Question 10

How long should the trach be maintained/secure before touching it?

Answer 10

48-72 hours

Question 11

What is the ost common congenital laryngeal anomly?

Answer 11

Laryngomalacia

Question 12

What is the most common cause of stridor in neonate and chronic pediatric?

Answer 12

Laryngomalacia

Question 13

What is laryngomalacia? What is the treatment?

Answer 13

Inward collapse of AE folds to glottis, instead of epiglottis closing down
Tx: usually observation, rarely surgery

Question 14

What is tracheomalacia? Is it common? What is the usual treatment?

Answer 14

Immature tracheal cartilage
Rare
Expiratory stridor
Usually self-limited
Tx: GERD

Question 15

What is the most common vascular anomaly to cause stridor?

Answer 15

Double Aortic Arch

Question 16

What is cri du chat? What is it characterized by?

Answer 16

Chromosome 5 deletion

High-pitched stridor, mental retardation, microchephally

Question 17

What can be seen on the vocal folds in LPR?

Answer 17

Mucous

Question 18

What is the most common head and neck tumor in children? What is most common treatment?

Answer 18

Hemangioma

Tx: most commonly - observe

Question 19

What part of the larynx does sarcoid most commonly affect?

Answer 19

Epiglottis

Question 20

What are common causes of supraglottic and glottic stenosis?

Answer 20

Blunt trauma, caustics, infection

Inspiratory or biphasic stridor

Question 21

What are the most common causes of subglottic stenosis?

Answer 21

ETT intubation

Question 22

What population is Reinke’s edema most common in?

Answer 22

Smokers

Question 23

How do the vocal folds differ between someone with a hypertalkative voice and really breathy voice?

Answer 23

Hypertalkative - hyperadducation

Breathy - hyper abducation

Question 24

What is true of all vocal nodules? Where?

Answer 24

Bilateral

Middle and anterior 1/3

Question 25

How do vocal fold polyps differ from nodules in location?

Answer 25

Polyps are unilateral

Question 26

If someone has treu vocal fold paralysis, what must be imaged?

Answer 26

CT from skull base or brain to Aortic triangle

Question 27

What is the most common cause of vocal fold paralysis in adults?

Answer 27

Neoplasm

Question 28

Are people with functional aphonia voluntarily not making sound?

Answer 28

No