ENT - Laryngology Flashcards
What is the only vocal fold abductor?
Posterior cricoarytenoid
What is the only laryngeal muscle innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve?
Cricothyroid - chief pitch-chnaging muscle
What joint in the larynx is affected by RA?
Cricoarytenoid
What vocal fold layer is affected by smoking and masculinizes the voice?
Superficial lamina propria
In peds, which cervical vertebrae is at the level of the larynx? Cricoid?
C1 - larynx
C4 - cricoid
For children, how do you estimate ET tube size?
(age+16)/4
What is Bernoulli’s Effect? How does this pertain to the vocal cords?
Forced air across a constricted zone cause negative pressure
Vocal cords open from inferior to superior, and then inferior closes due to this effect
What does SPECS-R indicate you for?
Severity of obstruciton PRogression of shortness of breath Eating difficulties Cyanosis Sleep apnea Radiologic findings
What are the 5 indications for a trach?
Bypass upper airway obstruciton Prolonged intubation Pulmonary toilet Protect from aspiration Eliminate dead space
How long should the trach be maintained/secure before touching it?
48-72 hours
What is the ost common congenital laryngeal anomly?
Laryngomalacia
What is the most common cause of stridor in neonate and chronic pediatric?
Laryngomalacia
What is laryngomalacia? What is the treatment?
Inward collapse of AE folds to glottis, instead of epiglottis closing down
Tx: usually observation, rarely surgery
What is tracheomalacia? Is it common? What is the usual treatment?
Immature tracheal cartilage Rare Expiratory stridor Usually self-limited Tx: GERD
What is the most common vascular anomaly to cause stridor?
Double Aortic Arch
What is cri du chat? What is it characterized by?
Chromosome 5 deletion
High-pitched stridor, mental retardation, microchephally
What can be seen on the vocal folds in LPR?
Mucous
What is the most common head and neck tumor in children? What is most common treatment?
Hemangioma
Tx: most commonly - observe
What part of the larynx does sarcoid most commonly affect?
Epiglottis
What are common causes of supraglottic and glottic stenosis?
Blunt trauma, caustics, infection
Inspiratory or biphasic stridor
What are the most common causes of subglottic stenosis?
ETT intubation
What population is Reinke’s edema most common in?
Smokers
How do the vocal folds differ between someone with a hypertalkative voice and really breathy voice?
Hypertalkative - hyperadducation
Breathy - hyper abducation
What is true of all vocal nodules? Where?
Bilateral
Middle and anterior 1/3
How do vocal fold polyps differ from nodules in location?
Polyps are unilateral
If someone has treu vocal fold paralysis, what must be imaged?
CT from skull base or brain to Aortic triangle
What is the most common cause of vocal fold paralysis in adults?
Neoplasm
Are people with functional aphonia voluntarily not making sound?
No
