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Head and Neck > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the eustachian tube?

A

Connects the middle ear and the nasopharynx
Equalises pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere
Also drains mucus from the middle ear

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2
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the tongue with the majority of motor function?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN12, XII)

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3
Q

What supplies motor function to the palatoglossus?

A

Vagus nerve (CN10, X)

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4
Q

What is the main role of palatoglossus?

A

Initiating swallowing

Also elevates the posterior tongue

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5
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies taste and sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal (CN9, IX)

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6
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (CN7, VII)

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7
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Lingual branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN5, V)

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8
Q

Which direction does the cone of light point when looking at the tympanic membrane?

A

Anteroinferiorly

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9
Q

Absence of the light reflex in the ear could be a sign of?

A

Could be normal

Or increased pressure within the inner ear (e.g. otitis media)

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10
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the tensor tympani?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN5, V)
Remember TTT
(Medial pterygoid, branch of mandibular nerve, V₃)

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11
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

Accumulation of keratinising squamous epithelial cells

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12
Q

What makes up the lateral 1/3 of the external ear canal?

A

Skin and cartilage, contains sebaceous and ceruminous glands (produces wax) and hairs

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13
Q

What makes up the medial 2/3 of the external ear?

A

Skin and bone, no hairs and no wax

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14
Q

Where does skin of the external ear canal grow from?

A

The umbo of the tympanic membrane, outwards

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the tympanic membrane?

A

Outer, continuous with skin of the EAC
Middle, fibrous layer
Inner, respiratory epithelium (ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells)

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16
Q

What conducts sound waves from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?

A

Ossicles, much more important in sound conduction than the tympanic membrane

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17
Q

What three bones make up the ossicles?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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18
Q

What lines the middle ear?

A

Same continuous respiratory epithelium that forms the inner layer of the tympanic membrane

19
Q

What does the facial nerve supply?

A

Motor to muscles of facial expression

Taste to anterior 2/3 of the tongue (via chorda tympani)

20
Q

What complications can arise from cholesteatoma?

A

They grow and are destructive. Can cause damage to the bony ossicles

21
Q

What are the semicircular canals responsible for?

A

Detecting head rotation

22
Q

What is the saccule responsible for?

A

Detecting linear acceleration in the vertical plane

23
Q

What is the utricle responsible for?

A

Detecting linear acceleration in the horizontal plane

24
Q

What can cause otitis media with effusion?

A

Chronic dysfunction of the eustachian tube, relative negative pressure in the middle ear and retraction of the tympanic membrane

25
Q

What two tuning fork tests are there?

A

Weber’s - tests lateralisation

Rinnie - compares air/bone conduction

26
Q

What are the different types of audiometry?

A 
Pure tone audiometry
Visual reinforcement audiometry (6mth-3yrs)
Play audiometry (3-6yrs)
27
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Most common type of Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Natural aging
Occurs gradually and starts with loss of higher frequencies

28
Q

What is tympanometry?

A

Air forced into the air canal to make the eardrum move
Measures the mobility of the eardrum
Can help detect fluid, perforation or blockage

29
Q

Management of hearing loss?

A

Sound amplification
Direct stimulus of cochlear nerve cells
Surgery of outer and middle ear

30
Q

What types of hearing aid are there?

A 
Open fit
Bone anchored (BAHA)
31
Q

What conditions of the inner ear can affect balance?

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Vestibular neuritis
Meniere’s disease

32
Q

What common clinical condition can also affect balance?

A

Migraine

33
Q

How can you treat otitis media with effusion (glue ear)?

A

Hearing aids or grommets

Most improve within 3 months on their own

34
Q

Why are children more prone to ear infections than adults?

A

Eustachian tube is flat in children, easier for bacteria to get into the ear
45 degree angle in adults.

Also adenoidal hypertrophy

35
Q

What can cause painful/discharging ears?

A

Otitis externa
Acute otitis media
Chronic otitis media
Cholesteatoma

36
Q

How would you treat otitis externa?

A

Topical antibiotics

Water precautions

37
Q

How would you treat otitis media?

A

Antibiotics (co-amoxiclav)

Grommets and adenoidectomy if chronic

38
Q

When would you suspect cholesteatoma?

A

Hearing loss despite grommets

Chronic discharging ear

39
Q

What counts as a normal number of URTI episodes in children?

A

8 episodes per year up to 15 days

40
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Nosebleed

41
Q

Epistaxis management?

A

First aid, pinch top of nose and tilt head forwards

Cauterisation if chronic

42
Q

Tonsillitis?

A

Bacterial or viral
Risk of glomerulonephritis, peritonsillar abscess
Treat with antibiotics if bacterial

43
Q

History of a child with airway problems?

A 
Emergency
History of foreign body
Recent illness
Feeding problems
Stridor

Head and Neck (4 decks)

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