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Special Senses > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What are some symptoms characteristic of bacterial tonsillitis and viral tonsillitis?

A

Bacterial:
Exudate,
Swollen lymph glands

Viral:
cough,
other aches and pains

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2
Q

What is the main organism responsible for bacterial tonsillitis?

A

Group A haemolytic strep. (strep throat)

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3
Q

What are the most common viral causes of tonsillitis?

A

Rhinovirus,
Influenza,
Adenovirus
EBV

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4
Q

If tonsillitis has failed to recover on its own, what abx would you prescribe?

A

Phenoxymethylpenecillin- if pt is no better after 2-3 days

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5
Q

Under what conditions would you give abx for tonsillitis immediately?

A 
If >3 of following:
Tonsillar exudate,
Tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy,
history of fever,
absence of cough.

Also give if pt is systemically very unwell

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6
Q

What is the main cause of Glandular fever (infective mononucleosis)?

A

Epstein-Barr Virus

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7
Q

What is the alternative name for a peri-tonsillar abscess>

A

Quinsy

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8
Q

What condition is characterised by:
Increasing sore throat with difficulty swallowing,
Painful swallowing (odynophagia),
A hot potato voice,

A

Quinsy

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9
Q

What is the difference between supra-glottitis and epi-glottitis?

A

Supra-glottitis is in adults,

Epi-glottitis is in children

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of acute epiglottitis?

A

Very sore throat and painful and difficult swallowing,
fast and noisy breathing.

Must have URGENT ENT assessment as airways at risk

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11
Q

What is the main cause of epiglottitis?

A

Bacteria: haemophilus influenza B. (Hib).

Less common because of the vaccinations.

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12
Q

What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?

A 
Temporal,
Zygomatic,
Buccal,
Mandibular,
Cervical
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13
Q

Which gland does the facial nerve pass through before it splits into 5 branches innervating the muscles of facial expression?

A

Parotid gland

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14
Q

What is the name of the duct that opens into the mouth from the parotid gland? Where abouts in the mouth does it open?

A

Stensen’s duct (/parotid duct)

The duct pierces the buccinator muscle and opens in the cheek

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15
Q

What is the name of the duct that opens into the mouth from the submandibular gland?
Where in the mouth does it open?

A

Wharton’s duct.

Either side of the frenulum

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16
Q

What is the innervation to the parotid gland?

A

Parasympathtic from the CN9 glossopharyngeal nerve via the auriculotemporal branch.

17
Q

What is the innervation to the submandibular gland?

A

Parasympathetic from CN7 facial nerve branch chorda tympani with mandibular nerve (CNViii).

18
Q

Which salivary gland is most likely to form a stone?

A

Submandibular: as saliva is thicker. More painful on eating when saliva is secreted.

19
Q

What is the medical term for a salivary gland stone?

A

Silolithiasis

20
Q

What is the medical term for the infection of a salivary gland? What are the symptoms?

A

Sialadenitis..

Pain,
Swelling,
Redness,
Tenderness

21
Q

What is Sjogren’s syndrome?

A

An autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the glands and destruction of acinar and ductal cells- causing dry eyes and mouth

22
Q

The majority of salivary gland tumours are benign, What is the most common type of tumour?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

23
Q

What is the commonest malignancy in salivary glands?

A

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
May get facial palsy with this.

Also adenoid cystic carcinoma and acinic cell carcinomas are common

24
Q

Define neuropraxia

A

Temporary loss of motor and sensory function due to blockage of nerve conduction.

E.g. after a severe injury- the nerve remains in place but doesn’t transmit impulses for a while. May feel numb/tingly

25
Q

What are axonotmesis and neurotmesis?

A

Axonotmesis: a complete interruption of the nerve axon but surrounding mesenchymal tissues are fine so recovery is possible

Neurotmesis: disconnection of a nerve with complete functional loss and destruction of mesenchymal tissues so no recovery.

26
Q

How does Bell’s palsy occur?

A

Compression of the facial nerve- due to inflammation from virus e.g. HSV

27
Q

What is the most common type of head and neck cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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